Display options
Cite
Khan M, Huang T, Lin CY, et al. Exploiting cancer's phenotypic guise against itself: targeting ectopically expressed peptide G-protein coupled receptors for lung cancer therapy. Oncotarget. 2017;8(61):104615-104637doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.18403.
Khan, M., Huang, T., Lin, C. Y., Wu, J., Fan, B. M., & Bian, Z. X. (2017). Exploiting cancer's phenotypic guise against itself: targeting ectopically expressed peptide G-protein coupled receptors for lung cancer therapy. Oncotarget, 8(61), 104615-104637. https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.18403
Khan, Mahjabin, et al. "Exploiting cancer's phenotypic guise against itself: targeting ectopically expressed peptide G-protein coupled receptors for lung cancer therapy." Oncotarget vol. 8,61 (2017): 104615-104637. doi: https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.18403
Khan M, Huang T, Lin CY, Wu J, Fan BM, Bian ZX. Exploiting cancer's phenotypic guise against itself: targeting ectopically expressed peptide G-protein coupled receptors for lung cancer therapy. Oncotarget. 2017 Jun 07;8(61):104615-104637. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.18403. eCollection 2017 Nov 28. PMID: 29262666; PMCID: PMC5732832.
Copy Download .nbib Format: NLM
Share it on

Oncotarget. 2017 Jun 07;8(61):104615-104637. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.18403. eCollection 2017 Nov 28.

Exploiting cancer's phenotypic guise against itself: targeting ectopically expressed peptide G-protein coupled receptors for lung cancer therapy.

Oncotarget

Mahjabin Khan, Tao Huang, Cheng-Yuan Lin, Jiang Wu, Bao-Min Fan, Zhao-Xiang Bian

Affiliations

  1. Laboratory of Brain-Gut Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, HKSAR, Kowloon Tong, P.R. China.
  2. YMU-HKBU Joint Laboratory of Traditional Natural Medicine, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, P.R. China.
  3. State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, P. R. China.

PMID: 29262666 PMCID: PMC5732832 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18403

Abstract

Lung cancer, claiming millions of lives annually, has the highest mortality rate worldwide. This advocates the development of novel cancer therapies that are highly toxic for cancer cells but negligibly toxic for healthy cells. One of the effective treatments is targeting overexpressed surface receptors of cancer cells with receptor-specific drugs. The receptors-in-focus in the current review are the G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), which are often overexpressed in various types of tumors. The peptide subfamily of GPCRs is the pivot of the current article owing to the high affinity and specificity to and of their cognate peptide ligands, and the proven efficacy of peptide-based therapeutics. The article summarizes various ectopically expressed peptide GPCRs in lung cancer, namely, Cholecystokinin-B/Gastrin receptor, the Bombesin receptor family, Bradykinin B1 and B2 receptors, Arginine vasopressin receptors 1a, 1b and 2, and the Somatostatin receptor type 2. The autocrine growth and pro-proliferative pathways they mediate, and the distinct tumor-inhibitory effects of somatostatin receptors are then discussed. The next section covers how these pathways may be influenced or 'corrected' through therapeutics (involving agonists and antagonists) targeting the overexpressed peptide GPCRs. The review proceeds on to Nano-scaled delivery platforms, which enclose chemotherapeutic agents and are decorated with peptide ligands on their external surface, as an effective means of targeting cancer cells. We conclude that targeting these overexpressed peptide GPCRs is potentially evolving as a highly promising form of lung cancer therapy.

Keywords: G-protein coupled receptors; cancer; lung cancer; overexpressed receptors; peptides

Conflict of interest statement

CONFLICTS OF INTEREST The authors declare no potential conflicts of interest with respect to research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

References

  1. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999 Feb;84(2):775-80 - PubMed
  2. Ann Oncol. 2007 Sep;18(9):1457-66 - PubMed
  3. J Thorac Oncol. 2016 Oct;11(10 ):1653-71 - PubMed
  4. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2001 Feb;296(2):623-31 - PubMed
  5. Exp Oncol. 2007 Sep;29(3):186-91 - PubMed
  6. Oncology. 2007;73(3-4):162-8 - PubMed
  7. Endocr Relat Cancer. 2003 Dec;10(4):451-8 - PubMed
  8. Curr Drug Targets. 2016;17 (5):520-8 - PubMed
  9. Lung Cancer. 2001 Jul;33(1):1-9 - PubMed
  10. Int J Oncol. 2015;46(6):2335-45 - PubMed
  11. Peptides. 2015 Oct;72 :128-44 - PubMed
  12. Peptides. 1987 Jan-Feb;8(1):103-7 - PubMed
  13. Pharmacol Res. 1996 Jun;33(6):297-305 - PubMed
  14. Peptides. 1999;20(7):885-98 - PubMed
  15. Nat Rev Cancer. 2006 Dec;6(12):936-46 - PubMed
  16. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1999 Dec;104(6):1321-2 - PubMed
  17. Biochemistry. 1970 Jun 23;9(13):2583-93 - PubMed
  18. World J Gastroenterol. 2012 Mar 21;18(11):1208-15 - PubMed
  19. FEBS Lett. 1990 Sep 17;270(1-2):30-2 - PubMed
  20. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002 Apr 2;99(7):4608-13 - PubMed
  21. Curr Pharm Des. 2013;19(18):3329-41 - PubMed
  22. Nature. 1968 Nov 30;220(5170):919-21 - PubMed
  23. Int J Oncol. 2005 Nov;27(5):1329-39 - PubMed
  24. Digestion. 1990;47 Suppl 1:11-6; discussion 49-52 - PubMed
  25. FEBS Lett. 1994 Nov 7;354(2):203-6 - PubMed
  26. Regul Pept. 2005 Jan 15;124(1-3):221-4 - PubMed
  27. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2002 Mar 6;94(5):375-83 - PubMed
  28. Eur J Endocrinol. 2000 Oct;143 Suppl 1:S27-34 - PubMed
  29. Cancer Res. 1995 Jan 15;55(2):276-9 - PubMed
  30. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 1995 Mar;16(3):86-8 - PubMed
  31. J Biol Chem. 1985 Aug 25;260(18):10236-41 - PubMed
  32. Regul Pept. 2004 Apr 15;118(1-2):111-7 - PubMed
  33. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom. 2016 Jun 15;30(11):1313-22 - PubMed
  34. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1986 Aug;63(2):433-8 - PubMed
  35. Virchows Arch. 2006 Oct;449(4):421-7 - PubMed
  36. Lung Cancer. 2005 Nov;50(2):177-88 - PubMed
  37. Curr Opin Oncol. 2002 Jan;14 (1):53-7 - PubMed
  38. Oncogene. 2001 Mar 26;20(13):1563-9 - PubMed
  39. Theranostics. 2016 Mar 10;6(5):650-65 - PubMed
  40. Regul Pept. 2004 Aug 15;120(1-3):195-203 - PubMed
  41. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2008 May 14;286(1-2):230-7 - PubMed
  42. J Nucl Med. 1999 Jun;40(6):1029-44 - PubMed
  43. Nature. 1984 May 17-23;309(5965):258-61 - PubMed
  44. Eur J Clin Invest. 1991 Apr;21(2):123-34 - PubMed
  45. Anal Chem. 1992 Oct;64(20):2323-6 - PubMed
  46. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1994 Mar 23;713:283-97 - PubMed
  47. Prog Nucleic Acid Res Mol Biol. 1988;35:261-95 - PubMed
  48. Lung Cancer. 2014 Nov;86(2):241-6 - PubMed
  49. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1989 Oct 16;164(1):66-73 - PubMed
  50. Curr Pharm Des. 2005;11(10):1313-26 - PubMed
  51. Mol Pharm. 2015 Aug 3;12(8):3020-31 - PubMed
  52. J Neurooncol. 1997 Dec;35(3):353-64 - PubMed
  53. Endocrinology. 1992 Apr;130(4):1816-21 - PubMed
  54. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 2002 Apr;80(4):275-80 - PubMed
  55. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2004 Oct;3(10):845-52 - PubMed
  56. Endocr Relat Cancer. 2004 Dec;11(4):871-85 - PubMed
  57. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2013 Oct;347(1):100-16 - PubMed
  58. Am J Physiol. 1991 Jun;260(6 Pt 1):G925-8 - PubMed
  59. Life Sci. 1982 Sep 13;31(11):1133-40 - PubMed
  60. Surgery. 2013 Aug;154(2):369-75 - PubMed
  61. J Cell Biochem. 2010 Jan 1;109(1):82-92 - PubMed
  62. J Lung Cancer. 2011;10(2):69-76 - PubMed
  63. Neuroendocrinology. 2004;80 Suppl 1:47-50 - PubMed
  64. Pharmacol Rev. 2005 Mar;57(1):27-77 - PubMed
  65. Nature. 1997 Nov 13;390(6656):165-9 - PubMed
  66. J Clin Oncol. 2009 Oct 1;27(28):4656-63 - PubMed
  67. Oncogene. 2008 Mar 13;27(12):1737-48 - PubMed
  68. Peptides. 2015 Oct;72:106-11 - PubMed
  69. J Cell Physiol. 2001 Jan;186(1):53-64 - PubMed
  70. Biol Reprod. 2001 Nov;65(5):1462-70 - PubMed
  71. Br J Pharmacol. 2000 Dec;131(8):1553-60 - PubMed
  72. J Biol Chem. 1951 Jul;191(1):21-8 - PubMed
  73. Cancer Res. 1997 Jan 1;57(1):51-4 - PubMed
  74. Curr Drug Deliv. 2011 Jan;8(1):79-134 - PubMed
  75. J Biol Chem. 2003 Feb 28;278(9):7065-72 - PubMed
  76. J Drug Target. 2011 Sep;19(8):719-30 - PubMed
  77. Biomaterials. 2014 Aug;35(24):6439-53 - PubMed
  78. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1993 Sep 15;195(2):844-52 - PubMed
  79. J Pept Sci. 2015 Mar;21(3):186-200 - PubMed
  80. J Endocrinol Invest. 2005;28(11 Suppl International):5-9 - PubMed
  81. Int J Cancer. 2002 Mar 1;98(1):29-35 - PubMed
  82. Cancer Res. 2003 May 1;63(9):2037-41 - PubMed
  83. Curr Pharm Des. 2003;9(6):495-509 - PubMed
  84. Oncogene. 2015 Mar 26;34(13):1679-87 - PubMed
  85. ChemMedChem. 2008 Apr;3(4):594-602 - PubMed
  86. J Cell Biochem. 2009 Feb 15;106(3):473-81 - PubMed
  87. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2017 Feb;110-111:112-126 - PubMed
  88. Biopolymers. 2011;96(1):88-96 - PubMed
  89. Peptides. 2005 Aug;26(8):1288-91 - PubMed
  90. Oncotarget. 2016 Mar 22;7(12):14605-15 - PubMed
  91. J Clin Oncol. 1999 Feb;17(2):600-6 - PubMed
  92. Urol Oncol. 2010 Nov-Dec;28(6):642-7 - PubMed
  93. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1992 Nov 30;189(1):296-303 - PubMed
  94. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2013 Jan;12 (1):25-34 - PubMed
  95. Eur J Pharmacol. 2008 Dec 28;601(1-3):23-9 - PubMed
  96. Biol Chem. 2008 Sep;389(9):1225-33 - PubMed
  97. Med Sci Monit. 2011 Aug;17(8):RA169-176 - PubMed
  98. Ann Oncol. 2001;12 Suppl 2:S111-4 - PubMed
  99. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003 Jan 7;100(1):155-60 - PubMed
  100. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2012 Feb 20;51(8):1820-5 - PubMed
  101. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2007 Dec;37(6):699-705 - PubMed
  102. Int Immunopharmacol. 2006 Jun;6(6):997-1002 - PubMed
  103. J Neuroendocrinol. 2012 Apr;24(4):609-28 - PubMed
  104. Curr Opin Cell Biol. 1997 Aug;9(4):560-4 - PubMed
  105. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2009 Dec;118(3):499-510 - PubMed
  106. Intern Med J. 2010 Sep;40(9):611-8 - PubMed
  107. Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl. 1991;180:130-6 - PubMed
  108. J Biol Chem. 2004 Jul 9;279(28):29004-12 - PubMed
  109. Lancet. 2008 May 10;371(9624):1624-32 - PubMed
  110. Peptides. 2011 Sep;32(9):1849-54 - PubMed
  111. Mol Cell Biol. 2005 May;25(10 ):4034-45 - PubMed
  112. J Mol Endocrinol. 1996 Oct;17(2):89-100 - PubMed
  113. Eur J Pharmacol. 2010 Jul 10;637(1-3):38-45 - PubMed
  114. Science. 1986 Oct 10;234(4773):161-6 - PubMed
  115. Mol Endocrinol. 2010 Mar;24(3):598-607 - PubMed
  116. Dev Biol. 1987 Dec;124(2):295-308 - PubMed
  117. Acta Radiol. 2009 Oct;50(8):902-8 - PubMed
  118. Nucl Med Biol. 2005 Oct;32(7):733-40 - PubMed
  119. Anticancer Res. 2014 Sep;34(9):4761-5 - PubMed
  120. Chest. 2013 Apr;143(4):955-962 - PubMed
  121. Mol Med Rep. 2014 Jun;9(6):2568-72 - PubMed
  122. Cancer Res. 1997 Apr 1;57(7):1377-86 - PubMed
  123. Int J Oncol. 2016 Sep;49(3):934-42 - PubMed
  124. Nanomedicine (Lond). 2015;10(18):2847-59 - PubMed
  125. Nature. 1985 Aug 29-Sep 4;316(6031):823-6 - PubMed
  126. J Cell Biochem. 2010 May;110(1):141-50 - PubMed
  127. Prog Brain Res. 2002;139:197-210 - PubMed
  128. Clin Cancer Res. 2006 Apr 1;12(7 Pt 1):2224-31 - PubMed
  129. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2012 Jun 1;302(11):G1244-52 - PubMed
  130. Cancer Res. 1991 Jul 1;51(13):3621-3 - PubMed
  131. Endocr Relat Cancer. 2008 Sep;15(3):701-20 - PubMed
  132. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2005 Jul;92(2):175-86 - PubMed
  133. Adv Exp Med Biol. 1998;449:1-13 - PubMed
  134. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2001 Oct;364(4):291-304 - PubMed
  135. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 1997 Jun;75(6):629-32 - PubMed
  136. Endocr Rev. 1991 Nov;12(4):450-82 - PubMed
  137. J Biol Chem. 1991 Oct 5;266(28):18771-9 - PubMed
  138. Biol Chem. 2005 Apr;386(4):375-82 - PubMed
  139. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 1999 Oct;57(3):271-5 - PubMed
  140. Lancet. 2011 Dec 10;378(9808):2005-2012 - PubMed
  141. Front Oncol. 2013 Sep 25;3:247 - PubMed
  142. Cancer Res. 2004 Sep 15;64(18):6707-15 - PubMed
  143. Endocr Rev. 2003 Aug;24(4):389-427 - PubMed
  144. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992 Sep 15;89(18):8691-5 - PubMed
  145. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2006 Dec;27(12):646-51 - PubMed
  146. Biochem J. 2015 Dec 15;472(3):287-95 - PubMed
  147. Front Oncol. 2017 Jan 30;7:11 - PubMed
  148. Cell Signal. 2005 Dec;17(12):1505-15 - PubMed
  149. Cancer Res. 1998 May 1;58(9):1866-71 - PubMed
  150. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2003 Dec;2(12):999-1017 - PubMed
  151. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002 Jan;87(1):99-104 - PubMed
  152. Semin Nucl Med. 2016 May;46(3):239-42 - PubMed
  153. Pharmacol Rev. 2008 Mar;60(1):1-42 - PubMed
  154. BMC Syst Biol. 2015 Jul 24;9:40 - PubMed
  155. Q J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2006 Dec;50(4):272-87 - PubMed
  156. Am J Physiol. 1999 Aug;277(2 Pt 1):C253-61 - PubMed
  157. Ann Oncol. 2010 Mar;21(3):548-55 - PubMed
  158. Cell Cycle. 2010 May;9(9):1738-41 - PubMed
  159. J Mol Neurosci. 2015 Jul;56(3):663-72 - PubMed
  160. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2009 Feb;16(1):66-71 - PubMed
  161. Am J Physiol. 1998 Apr;274(4 Pt 1):G607-13 - PubMed
  162. Br J Pharmacol. 2009 Jan;156(1):36-47 - PubMed
  163. Pharmacol Ther. 2006 Nov;112(2):440-56 - PubMed
  164. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2009 Jul;30(7):1053-9 - PubMed
  165. Am J Physiol. 1989 Jul;257(1 Pt 1):G169-74 - PubMed
  166. Mol Endocrinol. 2005 Jan;19(1):255-67 - PubMed
  167. Ann Surg. 2002 May;235(5):621-9; discussion 629-30 - PubMed
  168. Annu Rev Biochem. 1976;45:73-94 - PubMed
  169. Peptides. 2009 Aug;30(8):1473-86 - PubMed
  170. Immunopharmacology. 1995 Jun;30(1):1-26 - PubMed
  171. Nature. 1964 Dec 5;204:935-8 - PubMed
  172. J Neuroinflammation. 2013 May 04;10:57 - PubMed
  173. Peptides. 1997;18(5):663-72 - PubMed
  174. J Nucl Med. 2015 Apr;56(4):622-7 - PubMed
  175. Peptides. 2014 Feb;52:82-9 - PubMed
  176. Nucl Med Biol. 2017 Feb;45:22-29 - PubMed
  177. Immunopharmacology. 1999 Sep;43(2-3):255-63 - PubMed
  178. Cancer. 2003 Oct 1;98(7):1401-10 - PubMed
  179. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1998 Oct;49(4):475-82 - PubMed
  180. Eur J Clin Invest. 2001 Sep;31(9):812-20 - PubMed
  181. Int J Nanomedicine. 2012;7:2007-17 - PubMed
  182. Endocrine. 2011 Oct;40(2):168-80 - PubMed
  183. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2003 Sep 22;1616(1):1-84 - PubMed
  184. Prog Neurobiol. 2009 Oct;89(2):153-61 - PubMed
  185. Biopolymers. 2015 Nov;104(6):743-52 - PubMed
  186. J Endocrinol. 2006 Jan;188(1):79-89 - PubMed
  187. Front Neuroendocrinol. 1999 Jul;20(3):157-98 - PubMed
  188. J Surg Oncol. 2002 Sep;81(1):38-44 - PubMed
  189. Adv Exp Med Biol. 1998;449:335-8 - PubMed
  190. Experientia. 1965 Jun 15;21(6):347-9 - PubMed
  191. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2006 Feb;95(3):265-77 - PubMed
  192. Nat Rev Cancer. 2007 Feb;7(2):79-94 - PubMed
  193. J Med Chem. 2005 Jan 13;48(1):100-10 - PubMed
  194. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 Nov 20;104(47):18671-6 - PubMed
  195. Clin Cancer Res. 2002 Apr;8(4):1139-46 - PubMed
  196. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2006 Sep;318(3):1265-72 - PubMed
  197. Bioconjug Chem. 2003 Jul-Aug;14 (4):756-63 - PubMed
  198. Pharmacol Ther. 2015 Aug;152:98-110 - PubMed
  199. Int J Pept. 2013;2013:926295 - PubMed
  200. Invest New Drugs. 1997;15(1):77-86 - PubMed
  201. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2011 Jan;32(1):35-42 - PubMed
  202. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1996 May;81(5):1768-71 - PubMed
  203. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990 Sep;87(17):6728-32 - PubMed
  204. Mol Cancer Ther. 2012 Feb;11(2):308-16 - PubMed
  205. Expert Opin Drug Deliv. 2017 Aug;14 (8):937-957 - PubMed
  206. Neuroscience. 2013 Sep 17;248:392-402 - PubMed
  207. Oncotarget. 2016 Apr 12;7(15):20033-40 - PubMed
  208. Cancer Res. 1992 May 1;52(9 Suppl):2737s-2742s - PubMed
  209. Neuroendocrinology. 2015;101(3):211-22 - PubMed
  210. Mol Pharm. 2015 Mar 2;12 (3):974-82 - PubMed
  211. J Med Chem. 2014 Jul 24;57(14):5986-94 - PubMed
  212. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012 Mar;97(3):727-37 - PubMed
  213. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1995 Oct;80(10):2974-9 - PubMed
  214. Bioorg Med Chem. 2014 Aug 1;22(15):3815-23 - PubMed
  215. Biochem J. 2003 Apr 15;371(Pt 2):581-7 - PubMed
  216. FEBS J. 2010 Dec;277(24):5146-60 - PubMed
  217. Int J Mol Med. 1998 Sep;2(3):309-15 - PubMed
  218. Cancer Biol Ther. 2004 Aug;3(8):726-30 - PubMed
  219. Anal Cell Pathol (Amst). 2010;33(1):27-36 - PubMed
  220. Curr Top Med Chem. 2017;17 (14 ):1599-1610 - PubMed
  221. Bioconjug Chem. 2007 Jul-Aug;18(4):1110-7 - PubMed
  222. Br J Cancer. 1994 Feb;69(2):260-3 - PubMed
  223. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2011 Aug 19;12(9):524-38 - PubMed
  224. Cancer Res. 1988 Mar 15;48(6):1439-41 - PubMed
  225. J Cell Physiol. 1998 Dec;177(4):507-17 - PubMed
  226. Prog Brain Res. 1998;119:147-61 - PubMed
  227. Eur J Pharmacol. 2003 Aug 1;474(1):21-9 - PubMed
  228. Carcinogenesis. 2004 Nov;25(11):2075-81 - PubMed
  229. J Endocrinol Invest. 2003;26(8 Suppl):8-13 - PubMed
  230. Endocrinology. 1990 Mar;126(3):1478-84 - PubMed
  231. Clin Cancer Res. 2002 May;8(5):1280-7 - PubMed
  232. J Neurooncol. 2014 Nov;120(2):235-44 - PubMed
  233. MAbs. 2010 Nov-Dec;2(6):594-606 - PubMed
  234. Zhonghua Zhong Liu Za Zhi. 2005 Apr;27(4):213-5 - PubMed
  235. Biomedicines. 2016 May 26;4(2): - PubMed
  236. Br Med Bull. 1989 Apr;45(2):492-505 - PubMed
  237. Front Biosci. 2008 Jan 01;13:822-40 - PubMed
  238. Neuropeptides. 1984 Sep;4(5):413-20 - PubMed
  239. Peptides. 2015 Feb;64:55-61 - PubMed
  240. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2011 Jun 21;7(7):375 - PubMed
  241. Life Sci. 1993;52(14):1161-73 - PubMed
  242. Endocrinology. 1980 Jan;106(1):323-8 - PubMed
  243. Endocrinology. 1996 Sep;137(9):3906-14 - PubMed
  244. Immunopharmacology. 1996 Jun;33(1-3):279-83 - PubMed
  245. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr. 1992;(13):145-51 - PubMed
  246. Cell Cycle. 2012 Jul 1;11(13):2518-25 - PubMed
  247. Eur J Pharmacol. 2010 May 25;634(1-3):132-7 - PubMed
  248. Anticancer Drugs. 2012 Oct;23(9):906-13 - PubMed
  249. Oral Oncol. 2012 Dec;48(12):1208-19 - PubMed
  250. Endocrinology. 2003 Apr;144(4):1574-84 - PubMed
  251. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 1998 Sep 22;8(18):2589-94 - PubMed
  252. Peptides. 2011 Aug;32(8):1685-99 - PubMed
  253. Drug Deliv. 2016 Jun;23 (5):1799-809 - PubMed
  254. Cancer Lett. 2011 Dec 15;312(1):117-27 - PubMed
  255. Peptides. 1991 Nov-Dec;12(6):1315-9 - PubMed
  256. Cancer Res. 1994 Apr 15;54(8):2129-35 - PubMed
  257. Chem Rev. 2005 Mar;105(3):793-826 - PubMed
  258. J Med Chem. 1999 Nov 18;42(23):4919-24 - PubMed
  259. J Biol Chem. 2004 May 28;279(22):23580-9 - PubMed
  260. Cancer Res. 1993 Nov 1;53(21):5208-13 - PubMed
  261. Peptides. 2011 Aug;32(8):1677-84 - PubMed
  262. Eur J Pharmacol. 2001 Jan 19;412(1):13-20 - PubMed
  263. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1989 Aug 30;163(1):605-10 - PubMed

Publication Types