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Jaaskelainen M, Mykkanen AH, Arna T, et al. Retrotransposon BARE-1: expression of encoded proteins and formation of virus-like particles in barley cells. Plant J. 1999;20(4):413-22doi: 10.1046/j.1365-313x.1999.00616.x.
Jaaskelainen, M., Mykkanen, A. H., Arna, T., Vicient, C. M., Suoniemi, A., Kalendar, R., Savilahti, H., & Schulman, A. H. (1999). Retrotransposon BARE-1: expression of encoded proteins and formation of virus-like particles in barley cells. The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology, 20(4), 413-22. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-313x.1999.00616.x
Jaaskelainen, et al. "Retrotransposon BARE-1: expression of encoded proteins and formation of virus-like particles in barley cells." The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology vol. 20,4 (1999): 413-22. doi: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-313x.1999.00616.x
Jaaskelainen M, Mykkanen AH, Arna T, Vicient CM, Suoniemi A, Kalendar R, Savilahti H, Schulman AH. Retrotransposon BARE-1: expression of encoded proteins and formation of virus-like particles in barley cells. Plant J. 1999 Nov;20(4):413-22. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-313x.1999.00616.x. PMID: 10607294.
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Plant J. 1999 Nov;20(4):413-22. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-313x.1999.00616.x.

Retrotransposon BARE-1: expression of encoded proteins and formation of virus-like particles in barley cells.

The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology

Jaaskelainen, Mykkanen, Arna, Vicient, Suoniemi, Kalendar, Savilahti, Schulman

PMID: 10607294 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-313x.1999.00616.x

Abstract

Retrotransposons are ubiquitous and major components of plant genomes, and are characteristically retroviral-like in their genomic structure and in the major proteins encoded. Nevertheless, few have been directly demonstrated to be transcribed or reverse transcribed. The BARE-1 retrotransposon family of barley (Hordeum vulgare) is highly prevalent, actively transcribed, and contains well conserved functional regions. Insertion sites for BARE-1 are highly polymorphic in the barley genome. Here we show that BARE-1 is translated and the capsid protein (GAG) and integrase (IN) components of the predicted polyprotein are processed into polypeptides of expected size. Some of the GAG sediments as virus-like particles together with IN and with BARE-1 cDNA. Reverse transcriptase activity is also present in gradient fractions containing BARE-1 translation products. Virus-like particles have also been visualized in fractions containing BARE-1 components. Thus BARE-1 components necessary for carrying out the life cycle of an active retrotransposon appear to be present in vivo, and to assemble. This would suggest that post-translational mechanisms may be at work to prevent rapid genome inflation through unrestricted integration.

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