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Gorman PJ, Meier AH, Krummel TM. Simulation and virtual reality in surgical education: real or unreal?. Arch Surg. 1999;134(11):1203-8doi: 10.1001/archsurg.134.11.1203.
Gorman, P. J., Meier, A. H., & Krummel, T. M. (1999). Simulation and virtual reality in surgical education: real or unreal?. Archives of surgery (Chicago, Ill. : 1960), 134(11), 1203-8. https://doi.org/10.1001/archsurg.134.11.1203
Gorman, P J, et al. "Simulation and virtual reality in surgical education: real or unreal?." Archives of surgery (Chicago, Ill. : 1960) vol. 134,11 (1999): 1203-8. doi: https://doi.org/10.1001/archsurg.134.11.1203
Gorman PJ, Meier AH, Krummel TM. Simulation and virtual reality in surgical education: real or unreal?. Arch Surg. 1999 Nov;134(11):1203-8. doi: 10.1001/archsurg.134.11.1203. PMID: 10555634.
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Arch Surg. 1999 Nov;134(11):1203-8. doi: 10.1001/archsurg.134.11.1203.

Simulation and virtual reality in surgical education: real or unreal?.

Archives of surgery (Chicago, Ill. : 1960)

P J Gorman, A H Meier, T M Krummel

Affiliations

  1. Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Calif 94305-5655, USA.

PMID: 10555634 DOI: 10.1001/archsurg.134.11.1203

Abstract

Rapid change is under way on several fronts in medicine and surgery. Advances in computing power have enabled continued growth in virtual reality, visualization, and simulation technologies. The ideal learning opportunities afforded by simulated and virtual environments have prompted their exploration as learning modalities for surgical education and training. Ongoing improvements in this technology suggest an important future role for virtual reality and simulation in surgical education and training.

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