Display options
Share it on

CNS Drugs. 2002;16(2):111-27. doi: 10.2165/00023210-200216020-00004.

Depression and heart disease: evidence of a link, and its therapeutic implications.

CNS drugs

Wei Jiang, Ranga R K Krishnan, Christopher M O'Connor

Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychiatry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27707, USA.

PMID: 11825102 DOI: 10.2165/00023210-200216020-00004

Abstract

Over several decades, a large body of evidence has emerged to suggest that depressive disorder is a risk factor for heart diseases, both aetiologically and prognostically. Several large, prospective, longitudinal studies have examined the relationship between depression and the development of coronary artery disease (CAD); they reveal that the relationship is significant and independent of conventional risk factors. Prognostic studies have shown that depression is associated with two to three times higher mortality after myocardial infarction, unstable angina or coronary artery bypass grafting, and in patients with stable CAD compared with such patients without depression. Depression also has been found to increase mortality and morbidity in patients with heart failure, regardless of its aetiology. Such adverse associations persist after adjustment for conventional prognostic risk factors. Despite all of these findings, depressed patients with heart disease are less likely to be recognised clinically as being depressed than those patients who have depression but no heart disease. The very limited evidence available from pharmacological clinical trials raises concern about the safety of antidepressants in CAD and heart failure. In addition, no research has addressed whether the treatment of depression in patients with heart disease will improve their prognosis.

References

  1. Eur Heart J. 2000 Jul;21(13):1072-80 - PubMed
  2. Am Heart J. 1972 Jan;83(1):129-33 - PubMed
  3. Arteriosclerosis. 1989 Jan-Feb;9(1 Suppl):I19-32 - PubMed
  4. Psychosomatics. 1999 Jul-Aug;40(4):286-92 - PubMed
  5. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl. 1994;377:77-82 - PubMed
  6. Biol Psychiatry. 1997 Jun 1;41(11):1140-2 - PubMed
  7. Health Psychol. 1995 Jan;14(1):88-90 - PubMed
  8. Depression. 1996;4(2):57-62 - PubMed
  9. Am J Psychiatry. 1985 May;142(5):559-63 - PubMed
  10. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1987 Aug;7(4):247-51 - PubMed
  11. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1996 Apr;16(2):135-45 - PubMed
  12. Psychosom Med. 1996 Mar-Apr;58(2):113-21 - PubMed
  13. Am J Psychiatry. 1991 Apr;148(4):512-6 - PubMed
  14. Am J Cardiol. 1987 Feb 1;59(4):256-62 - PubMed
  15. N Engl J Med. 1989 Aug 10;321(6):406-12 - PubMed
  16. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1976 Sep;33(9):1029-37 - PubMed
  17. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1990 Dec;38(12):1290-5 - PubMed
  18. Circulation. 1998 Jan 20;97(2):167-73 - PubMed
  19. Circulation. 1997 Feb 18;95(4):818-24 - PubMed
  20. Am Heart J. 1998 Sep;136(3):491-5 - PubMed
  21. Am J Cardiol. 1990 Jul 1;66(1):59-62 - PubMed
  22. Am J Psychiatry. 1999 Jul;156(7):1024-8 - PubMed
  23. Can J Psychiatry. 1998 Mar;43(2):183-6 - PubMed
  24. Pharmacopsychiatry. 1994 May;27(3):124-8 - PubMed
  25. Arch Intern Med. 1977 Dec;137(12):1680-5 - PubMed
  26. Arch Intern Med. 2000 Jun 26;160(12):1818-23 - PubMed
  27. Circulation. 1996 Jun 1;93(11):1976-80 - PubMed
  28. Am J Public Health. 1994 Feb;84(2):227-31 - PubMed
  29. J Psychosom Res. 1986;30(4):451-9 - PubMed
  30. Psychosom Med. 1999 Jan-Feb;61(1):26-37 - PubMed
  31. Am J Psychiatry. 1996 Oct;153(10):1313-7 - PubMed
  32. JAMA. 1997 May 21;277(19):1521-6 - PubMed
  33. Am Heart J. 1999 Mar;137(3):453-7 - PubMed
  34. Epidemiology. 1993 Jul;4(4):285-94 - PubMed
  35. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1988 Oct;26(4):399-402 - PubMed
  36. Arch Intern Med. 1989 Aug;149(8):1785-9 - PubMed
  37. Am J Cardiol. 1997 Sep 4;80(5A):17E-20E - PubMed
  38. Psychosom Med. 1982 Dec;44(6):519-27 - PubMed
  39. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2000 Sep;57(9):875-82 - PubMed
  40. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 1996 Jan;18(1):61-5 - PubMed
  41. Psychosom Med. 1988 Nov-Dec;50(6):627-33 - PubMed
  42. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001 Jul;38(1):199-205 - PubMed
  43. J Clin Psychiatry. 1998 Oct;59(10):502-8 - PubMed
  44. Psychosom Med. 2000 Nov-Dec;62(6):796-803 - PubMed
  45. N Engl J Med. 1983 Feb 24;308(8):409-13 - PubMed
  46. J Clin Psychiatry. 1995 Dec;56(12):574-9 - PubMed
  47. Am Psychol. 1994 Jan;49(1):15-24 - PubMed
  48. Psychiatry Res. 1996 Jun 1;62(3):273-80 - PubMed
  49. Am J Cardiol. 1997 Sep 15;80(6):808-11 - PubMed
  50. Am Heart J. 1999 Mar;137(3):528-35 - PubMed
  51. Eur Heart J. 1988 Jul;9(7):758-64 - PubMed
  52. Biol Psychiatry. 1997 Aug 15;42(4):290-5 - PubMed
  53. Arch Intern Med. 2000 May 8;160(9):1261-8 - PubMed
  54. J Clin Psychiatry. 1980 May;41(5):159-60 - PubMed
  55. Arch Intern Med. 2000 May 8;160(9):1354-60 - PubMed
  56. Psychosom Med. 2000 Nov-Dec;62(6):783-9 - PubMed
  57. J Affect Disord. 1987 Nov-Dec;13(3):287-92 - PubMed
  58. Circulation. 1995 Feb 15;91(4):999-1005 - PubMed
  59. Circulation. 2000 Oct 10;102(15):1773-9 - PubMed
  60. Ann Clin Psychiatry. 1994 Jun;6(2):107-15 - PubMed
  61. Am J Public Health. 1988 Jun;78(6):680-2 - PubMed
  62. Am Heart J. 2000 Jan;139(1 Pt 1):1-9 - PubMed
  63. Int J Psychiatry Med. 1992;22(1):33-46 - PubMed
  64. Am J Psychiatry. 1979 Apr;136(4B):530-4 - PubMed
  65. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2000 Apr;20(2):137-40 - PubMed
  66. Psychosom Med. 1997 May-Jun;59(3):231-5 - PubMed
  67. Am J Cardiol. 1995 Sep 15;76(8):562-4 - PubMed
  68. Am Heart J. 1999 Jun;137(6):1100-6 - PubMed
  69. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1994 May;51(5):411-22 - PubMed
  70. Arch Intern Med. 1998 Jul 13;158(13):1422-6 - PubMed
  71. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 1998 Jan;20(1):29-43 - PubMed
  72. Int J Psychiatry Med. 1999;29(3):311-26 - PubMed
  73. Am Heart J. 2001 May;141(5):765-71 - PubMed
  74. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2001 Mar;58(3):221-7 - PubMed
  75. Arch Intern Med. 2001 Aug 13-27;161(15):1849-56 - PubMed
  76. Arch Intern Med. 1998 Nov 23;158(21):2341-8 - PubMed
  77. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1997 Feb;17(1):15-21 - PubMed
  78. ANZ J Surg. 2001 Mar;71(3):139-42 - PubMed
  79. Am J Psychiatry. 1997 Apr;154(4):497-501 - PubMed
  80. Am J Cardiol. 1996 Sep 15;78(6):613-7 - PubMed
  81. Am J Psychiatry. 2000 Jun;157(6):1006-8 - PubMed
  82. Womens Health. 1997 Spring;3(1):61-70 - PubMed
  83. Psychosom Med. 1999 Nov-Dec;61(6):729-37 - PubMed
  84. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1995;246(1):1-6 - PubMed
  85. Am J Psychiatry. 1999 Oct;156(10):1641-3 - PubMed
  86. Am J Crit Care. 2001 Jan;10(1):4-10 - PubMed
  87. Psychopathology. 1984;17 Suppl 2:64-76 - PubMed
  88. Psychosom Med. 2000 Mar-Apr;62(2):212-9 - PubMed
  89. Circulation. 1998 Mar 17;97(10):958-64 - PubMed
  90. Psychosom Med. 2000 Sep-Oct;62(5):601-5 - PubMed
  91. JAMA. 1992 Jan 22-29;267(4):520-4 - PubMed
  92. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1983 Dec;3(6):372-6 - PubMed
  93. Arch Intern Med. 1996 Mar 11;156(5):553-61 - PubMed
  94. Am J Psychiatry. 1994 Jul;151(7):979-86 - PubMed
  95. Psychosom Med. 1995 May-Jun;57(3):245-54 - PubMed
  96. JAMA. 1993 Oct 20;270(15):1819-25 - PubMed
  97. Lancet. 1994 Jan 1;343(8888):20-3 - PubMed
  98. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1999 Dec;66(6):617-24 - PubMed
  99. Psychosom Med. 2001 Mar-Apr;63(2):221-30 - PubMed
  100. N Engl J Med. 1982 Apr 22;306(16):954-9 - PubMed
  101. J Clin Psychiatry. 1993 Jun;54(6):224-8 - PubMed
  102. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1985 Sep;33(9):595-601 - PubMed
  103. Radiology. 1989 Feb;170(2):515-8 - PubMed
  104. Circulation. 1996 Dec 15;94(12):3123-9 - PubMed

MeSH terms

Publication Types