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Fernandes AC, Almeida CA, Albano F, et al. Norbixin ingestion did not induce any detectable DNA breakage in liver and kidney but caused a considerable impairment in plasma glucose levels of rats and mice. J Nutr Biochem. 2002;13(7):411-420doi: 10.1016/s0955-2863(02)00177-8.
Fernandes, A. C., Almeida, C. A., Albano, F., Laranja, G. A., Felzenszwalb, I., Lage, C. L., de Sa, C. C., Moura, A. S., & Kovary, K. (2002). Norbixin ingestion did not induce any detectable DNA breakage in liver and kidney but caused a considerable impairment in plasma glucose levels of rats and mice. The Journal of nutritional biochemistry, 13(7), 411-420. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0955-2863(02)00177-8
Fernandes, Ana C.S., et al. "Norbixin ingestion did not induce any detectable DNA breakage in liver and kidney but caused a considerable impairment in plasma glucose levels of rats and mice." The Journal of nutritional biochemistry vol. 13,7 (2002): 411-420. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0955-2863(02)00177-8
Fernandes AC, Almeida CA, Albano F, Laranja GA, Felzenszwalb I, Lage CL, de Sa CC, Moura AS, Kovary K. Norbixin ingestion did not induce any detectable DNA breakage in liver and kidney but caused a considerable impairment in plasma glucose levels of rats and mice. J Nutr Biochem. 2002 Jul;13(7):411-420. doi: 10.1016/s0955-2863(02)00177-8. PMID: 12121828.
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J Nutr Biochem. 2002 Jul;13(7):411-420. doi: 10.1016/s0955-2863(02)00177-8.

Norbixin ingestion did not induce any detectable DNA breakage in liver and kidney but caused a considerable impairment in plasma glucose levels of rats and mice.

The Journal of nutritional biochemistry

Ana C.S. Fernandes, Carla A. Almeida, Franco Albano, Gustavo A.T. Laranja, Israel Felzenszwalb, Celso L.S. Lage, Cristiano C.N.F. de Sa, Anibal S. Moura, Karla Kovary

Affiliations

  1. Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

PMID: 12121828 DOI: 10.1016/s0955-2863(02)00177-8

Abstract

From the seeds of Bixa orellana are extracted the carotenoids bixin and norbixin that have been widely used for coloring food. In this study, the toxicity of norbixin, purified or not (annatto extract containing 50% norbixin), was investigated in mice and rats after 21 days of ingestion through drinking water. Mice were exposed to doses of 56 and 351 mg/kg (annatto extract) and 0.8, 7.6, 66 and 274 mg/kg (norbixin). Rats were exposed to doses of 0.8, 7.5 and 68 mg/kg (annatto extract) and 0.8, 8.5 and 74 mg/kg (norbixin). In rats, no toxicity was detected by plasma chemistry. In mice, norbixin induced an increase in plasma alanine aminotransferase activity (ALT) while both norbixin and annatto extract induced a decrease in plasma total protein and globulins (P < 0.05). However, no signs of toxicity were detected in liver by histopathological analysis. No enhancement in DNA breakage was detected in liver or kidney from mice treated with annatto pigments, as evaluated by the comet assay. Nevertheless, there was a remarkable effect of norbixin on the glycemia of both rodent species. In rats, norbixin induced hyperglycemia that ranged from 26.9% (8.5 mg/kg norbixin, to 52.6% (74 mg/kg norbixin, P < 0.01) above control levels. In mice, norbixin induced hypoglycemia that ranged from 14.4% (0.8 mg/kg norbixin, P < 0.05) to 21.5% (66 mg/kg norbixin, P < 0.001) below control levels. Rats and mice treated with annatto pigments showed hyperinsulinemia and hypoinsulinemia, respectively indicating that pancreatic beta-cells were functional. More studies should be performed to fully understand of how species-related differences influences the biological fate of norbixin.

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