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Carberry DM, Reid JC, Wang GM, et al. Fluctuations and irreversibility: an experimental demonstration of a second-law-like theorem using a colloidal particle held in an optical trap. Phys Rev Lett. 2004;92(14):140601doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.92.140601.
Carberry, D. M., Reid, J. C., Wang, G. M., Sevick, E. M., Searles, D. J., & Evans, D. J. (2004). Fluctuations and irreversibility: an experimental demonstration of a second-law-like theorem using a colloidal particle held in an optical trap. Physical review letters, 92(14), 140601. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.92.140601
Carberry, D M, et al. "Fluctuations and irreversibility: an experimental demonstration of a second-law-like theorem using a colloidal particle held in an optical trap." Physical review letters vol. 92,14 (2004): 140601. doi: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.92.140601
Carberry DM, Reid JC, Wang GM, Sevick EM, Searles DJ, Evans DJ. Fluctuations and irreversibility: an experimental demonstration of a second-law-like theorem using a colloidal particle held in an optical trap. Phys Rev Lett. 2004 Apr 09;92(14):140601. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.92.140601. Epub 2004 Apr 06. PMID: 15089524.
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Phys Rev Lett. 2004 Apr 09;92(14):140601. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.92.140601. Epub 2004 Apr 06.

Fluctuations and irreversibility: an experimental demonstration of a second-law-like theorem using a colloidal particle held in an optical trap.

Physical review letters

D M Carberry, J C Reid, G M Wang, E M Sevick, Debra J Searles, Denis J Evans

Affiliations

  1. Research School of Chemistry, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200 Australia.

PMID: 15089524 DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.92.140601

Abstract

The puzzle of how time-reversible microscopic equations of mechanics lead to the time-irreversible macroscopic equations of thermodynamics has been a paradox since the days of Boltzmann. Boltzmann simply sidestepped this enigma by stating "as soon as one looks at bodies of such small dimension that they contain only very few molecules, the validity of this theorem [the second law of thermodynamics and its description of irreversibility] must cease." Today we can state that the transient fluctuation theorem (TFT) of Evans and Searles is a generalized, second-law-like theorem that bridges the microscopic and macroscopic domains and links the time-reversible and irreversible descriptions. We apply this theorem to a colloidal particle in an optical trap. For the first time, we demonstrate the TFT in an experiment and show quantitative agreement with Langevin dynamics.

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