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Pekola JP, Heikkilä TT, Savin AM, et al. Limitations in cooling electrons using normal-metal-superconductor tunnel junctions. Phys Rev Lett. 2004;92(5):056804doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.92.056804.
Pekola, J. P., Heikkilä, T. T., Savin, A. M., Flyktman, J. T., Giazotto, F., & Hekking, F. W. (2004). Limitations in cooling electrons using normal-metal-superconductor tunnel junctions. Physical review letters, 92(5), 056804. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.92.056804
Pekola, J P, et al. "Limitations in cooling electrons using normal-metal-superconductor tunnel junctions." Physical review letters vol. 92,5 (2004): 056804. doi: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.92.056804
Pekola JP, Heikkilä TT, Savin AM, Flyktman JT, Giazotto F, Hekking FW. Limitations in cooling electrons using normal-metal-superconductor tunnel junctions. Phys Rev Lett. 2004 Feb 06;92(5):056804. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.92.056804. Epub 2004 Feb 06. PMID: 14995329.
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Phys Rev Lett. 2004 Feb 06;92(5):056804. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.92.056804. Epub 2004 Feb 06.

Limitations in cooling electrons using normal-metal-superconductor tunnel junctions.

Physical review letters

J P Pekola, T T Heikkilä, A M Savin, J T Flyktman, F Giazotto, F W J Hekking

Affiliations

  1. Low Temperature Laboratory, Helsinki University of Technology, P.O. Box 3500, 02015 HUT, Finland.

PMID: 14995329 DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.92.056804

Abstract

We demonstrate both theoretically and experimentally two limiting factors in cooling electrons using biased tunnel junctions to extract heat from a normal metal into a superconductor. First, when the injection rate of electrons exceeds the internal relaxation rate in the metal to be cooled, the electrons do not obey the Fermi-Dirac distribution, and the concept of temperature cannot be applied as such. Second, at low bath temperatures, states within the gap induce anomalous heating and yield a theoretical limit of the achievable minimum temperature.

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