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Prevost A, Melby P, Egolf DA, et al. Nonequilibrium two-phase coexistence in a confined granular layer. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys. 2004;70(5):050301doi: 10.1103/PhysRevE.70.050301.
Prevost, A., Melby, P., Egolf, D. A., & Urbach, J. S. (2004). Nonequilibrium two-phase coexistence in a confined granular layer. Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics, 70(5), 050301. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.70.050301
Prevost, Alexis, et al. "Nonequilibrium two-phase coexistence in a confined granular layer." Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics vol. 70,5 (2004): 050301. doi: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.70.050301
Prevost A, Melby P, Egolf DA, Urbach JS. Nonequilibrium two-phase coexistence in a confined granular layer. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys. 2004 Nov;70(5):050301. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevE.70.050301. Epub 2004 Nov 24. PMID: 15600577.
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Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys. 2004 Nov;70(5):050301. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevE.70.050301. Epub 2004 Nov 24.

Nonequilibrium two-phase coexistence in a confined granular layer.

Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics

Alexis Prevost, Paul Melby, David A Egolf, Jeffrey S Urbach

Affiliations

  1. Department of Physics, Georgetown University, 37th & O Streets, Washington, DC 20057, USA.

PMID: 15600577 DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevE.70.050301

Abstract

We report the observation of the homogenous nucleation of crystals in a dense layer of steel spheres confined between two horizontal plates vibrated vertically. Above a critical vibration amplitude, two-layer crystals with square symmetry were found to coexist in steady state with a surrounding granular liquid. By analogy to equilibrium hard-sphere systems, the phase behavior may be explained through entropy maximization. However, dramatic nonequilibrium effects are present, including a significant difference in the granular temperatures of the two phases.

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