Display options
Cite
Lichtenwalner AB, Woods GL, Weber JA. Ejaculatory pattern of llamas during copulation. Theriogenology. 1996;46(2):285-91doi: 10.1016/0093-691x(96)00185-9.
Lichtenwalner, A. B., Woods, G. L., & Weber, J. A. (1996). Ejaculatory pattern of llamas during copulation. Theriogenology, 46(2), 285-91. https://doi.org/10.1016/0093-691x(96)00185-9
Lichtenwalner, A B, et al. "Ejaculatory pattern of llamas during copulation." Theriogenology vol. 46,2 (1996): 285-91. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/0093-691x(96)00185-9
Lichtenwalner AB, Woods GL, Weber JA. Ejaculatory pattern of llamas during copulation. Theriogenology. 1996 Jul 15;46(2):285-91. doi: 10.1016/0093-691x(96)00185-9. PMID: 16727898.
Copy Download .nbib Format: NLM
Share it on

Theriogenology. 1996 Jul 15;46(2):285-91. doi: 10.1016/0093-691x(96)00185-9.

Ejaculatory pattern of llamas during copulation.

Theriogenology

A B Lichtenwalner, G L Woods, J A Weber

Affiliations

  1. Department of Animal and Veterinary Science, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844-2201, USA.

PMID: 16727898 DOI: 10.1016/0093-691x(96)00185-9

Abstract

The objective of this study was to use transrectal digital palpation of urethral pulses to define the ejaculatory pattern of llamas during copulation. Five male llamas were palpated during 5 to 6 copulations each with receptive female llamas (n = 28 copulations). The time from first exposure of a male to a female until mounting was 0.7 +/- 1.1 min (mean +/- SD), time to the first intromission was 1.7 +/- 1.4 min, and time from initial mount to final dismount (copulation duration) was 21.7 +/- 7.8 min. A total of 121.9 +/- 61.0 urethral pulses per copulation (5.6 +/- 1.7 pulses/min) was palpated. During the first 3.9 +/- 3.7 min of copulation, urethral pulses (11.0 +/- 10.1 urethral pulses at 3.5 +/- 2.5 pulses/min) occurred randomly and were not associated with whole-body strains. After the first 4 min of copulation, urethral pulses occurred in a pattern of clusters of frequent urethral pulses associated with whole-body strains, alternating with intercluster intervals of infrequent urethral pulses without whole-body strains. Individual clusters were characterized by 4.3 +/- 2.7 urethral pulses at 16.7 +/- 4.5 pulses/min during strains, and intercluster intervals were characterized by 1.7 +/- 2.3 urethral pulses at 2.2 +/- 1.8 pulses/min. Each cluster of urethral pulses during a strain was preceded by 2.3 +/- 1.8 repositions of the male's hindlegs and by 38.1 +/- 20.8 pelvic thrusts. There were 18.5 +/- 10.6 clusters of urethral pulses accompanied by strains per copulation at 0.9 +/- 0.3 clusters/min. The 18 to 19 clusters of urethral pulses appeared to be individual ejaculations. Therefore, we hypothesize that llamas ejaculated 18 to 19 times during their 22-min copulations.

Publication Types