Display options
Cite
Clark IA, Budd AC, Alleva LM, et al. Human malarial disease: a consequence of inflammatory cytokine release. Malar J. 2006;5:85doi: 10.1186/1475-2875-5-85.
Clark, I. A., Budd, A. C., Alleva, L. M., & Cowden, W. B. (2006). Human malarial disease: a consequence of inflammatory cytokine release. Malaria journal, 585. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2875-5-85
Clark, Ian A, et al. "Human malarial disease: a consequence of inflammatory cytokine release." Malaria journal vol. 5 (2006): 85. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2875-5-85
Clark IA, Budd AC, Alleva LM, Cowden WB. Human malarial disease: a consequence of inflammatory cytokine release. Malar J. 2006 Oct 10;5:85. doi: 10.1186/1475-2875-5-85. PMID: 17029647; PMCID: PMC1629020.
Copy Download .nbib Format: NLM
Share it on

Malar J. 2006 Oct 10;5:85. doi: 10.1186/1475-2875-5-85.

Human malarial disease: a consequence of inflammatory cytokine release.

Malaria journal

Ian A Clark, Alison C Budd, Lisa M Alleva, William B Cowden

Affiliations

  1. School of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia. [email protected]

PMID: 17029647 PMCID: PMC1629020 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-5-85

Abstract

Malaria causes an acute systemic human disease that bears many similarities, both clinically and mechanistically, to those caused by bacteria, rickettsia, and viruses. Over the past few decades, a literature has emerged that argues for most of the pathology seen in all of these infectious diseases being explained by activation of the inflammatory system, with the balance between the pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines being tipped towards the onset of systemic inflammation. Although not often expressed in energy terms, there is, when reduced to biochemical essentials, wide agreement that infection with falciparum malaria is often fatal because mitochondria are unable to generate enough ATP to maintain normal cellular function. Most, however, would contend that this largely occurs because sequestered parasitized red cells prevent sufficient oxygen getting to where it is needed. This review considers the evidence that an equally or more important way ATP deficiency arises in malaria, as well as these other infectious diseases, is an inability of mitochondria, through the effects of inflammatory cytokines on their function, to utilise available oxygen. This activity of these cytokines, plus their capacity to control the pathways through which oxygen supply to mitochondria are restricted (particularly through directing sequestration and driving anaemia), combine to make falciparum malaria primarily an inflammatory cytokine-driven disease.

References

  1. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1999 Aug;61(2):253-8 - PubMed
  2. J Biol Chem. 1994 Nov 18;269(46):28929-36 - PubMed
  3. Nat Med. 2000 Feb;6(2):164-70 - PubMed
  4. Ann Surg. 1996 Jul;224(1):97-102 - PubMed
  5. Pharmacol Ther. 2003 Aug;99(2):221-60 - PubMed
  6. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2004 Mar;286(3):R491-7 - PubMed
  7. J Exp Med. 1994 Jun 1;179(6):1895-902 - PubMed
  8. J Neurol. 2002 Sep;249(9):1150-9 - PubMed
  9. Blood. 1986 Feb;67(2):362-5 - PubMed
  10. Crit Care Med. 2003 Dec;31(12 Suppl):S651-7 - PubMed
  11. Clin Infect Dis. 2005 Feb 1;40(3):483-5 - PubMed
  12. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1979;73(6):716-9 - PubMed
  13. J Infect Dis. 2006 Jul 15;194(2):208-5 - PubMed
  14. J Infect Dis. 2006 May 15;193(10):1384-93 - PubMed
  15. Emerg Infect Dis. 2005 Jan;11(1):132-4 - PubMed
  16. Drugs. 2002;62(6):879-89 - PubMed
  17. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2002 Apr;66(4):435-41 - PubMed
  18. Crit Care Med. 2004 Aug;32(8):1683-8 - PubMed
  19. Diabet Med. 1997 Jan;14(1):19-28 - PubMed
  20. Crit Care. 2005;9 Suppl 4:S13-9 - PubMed
  21. Nat Rev Immunol. 2005 Sep;5(9):722-35 - PubMed
  22. J Inflamm. 1995-1996;46(4):212-9 - PubMed
  23. Trends Parasitol. 2002 Aug;18(8):360-6 - PubMed
  24. Crit Care Med. 1990 Aug;18(8):801-6 - PubMed
  25. Crit Care Med. 1983 Nov;11(11):876-9 - PubMed
  26. Clin Chim Acta. 2004 Apr;342(1-2):127-36 - PubMed
  27. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2005 Aug;99(8):610-7 - PubMed
  28. Virus Res. 2004 Jul;103(1-2):75-8 - PubMed
  29. Circ Res. 2005 May 27;96(10):1095-102 - PubMed
  30. J Exp Med. 2000 Aug 21;192(4):565-70 - PubMed
  31. FASEB J. 1999 Sep;13(12):1637-46 - PubMed
  32. Immunology. 1994 Jul;82(3):397-403 - PubMed
  33. Arch Surg. 1988 Feb;123(2):217-20 - PubMed
  34. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005 Aug 9;102(32):11468-73 - PubMed
  35. Crit Care. 2002 Dec;6(6):500-8 - PubMed
  36. Adv Parasitol. 1972;10:49-75 - PubMed
  37. Microcirculation. 2004 Oct-Nov;11(7):559-76 - PubMed
  38. Intensive Care Med. 2001 Apr;27(4):680-5 - PubMed
  39. Brain Res. 1997 Jan 2;744(1):105-11 - PubMed
  40. Crit Care Med. 2000 Jan;28(1):114-9 - PubMed
  41. J Infect Dis. 1996 Nov;174(5):1091-7 - PubMed
  42. Malar J. 2006;5:69 - PubMed
  43. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1997 Oct;57(4):389-98 - PubMed
  44. Crit Care Med. 1999 Aug;27(8):1577-81 - PubMed
  45. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1946 Mar;26:209-19 - PubMed
  46. Ann Intern Med. 1991 Sep 15;115(6):457-69 - PubMed
  47. Q J Med. 1989 May;71(265):441-59 - PubMed
  48. J Exp Med. 1996 Mar 1;183(3):949-58 - PubMed
  49. Lancet. 1988 Sep 3;2(8610):534-8 - PubMed
  50. J Exp Med. 2006 May 15;203(5):1185-96 - PubMed
  51. Arch Dis Child. 2006 Jun;91(6):469-72 - PubMed
  52. Infect Immun. 1991 Sep;59(9):3280-3 - PubMed
  53. J Immunol. 1987 Nov 15;139(10):3493-6 - PubMed
  54. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2006 May;100(5):401-9 - PubMed
  55. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005 Feb 22;102(8):2892-7 - PubMed
  56. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1997 Nov-Dec;18(10):1935-8 - PubMed
  57. Neurology. 2002 Jun 11;58(11):1641-5 - PubMed
  58. Eur Cytokine Netw. 1997 Sep;8(3):294-6 - PubMed
  59. Pediatr Surg Int. 2004 Apr;20(4):238-42 - PubMed
  60. N Engl J Med. 2005 Sep 29;353(13):1374-85 - PubMed
  61. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1990 Aug;43(2 Pt 2):38-41 - PubMed
  62. Intensive Care Med. 2006 Jul;32(7):958-61 - PubMed
  63. Acta Neuropathol. 2003 Mar;105(3):233-9 - PubMed
  64. Lancet. 2002 Aug 24;360(9333):610-7 - PubMed
  65. Trends Parasitol. 2005 Dec;21(12):562-7 - PubMed
  66. Am J Med. 1989 Aug;87(2):139-43 - PubMed
  67. Kaohsiung J Med Sci. 2005 Jan;21(1):34-9 - PubMed
  68. Infect Immun. 1977 Aug;17(2):430-8 - PubMed
  69. J Biol Chem. 1986 Jun 25;261(18):8192-203 - PubMed
  70. Shock. 2002 Apr;17(4):263-8 - PubMed
  71. Q J Med. 1989 Jun;71(266):477-83 - PubMed
  72. Malar J. 2005;4:56 - PubMed
  73. Cytokine. 1991 Nov;3(6):636-7 - PubMed
  74. J Natl Malar Soc. 1949 Mar;8(1):14-31 - PubMed
  75. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1988 Sep 7;80(13):1039-44 - PubMed
  76. Lancet. 1990 Nov 17;336(8725):1201-4 - PubMed
  77. Crit Care Med. 2001 Mar;29(3):628-34 - PubMed
  78. Blood. 2000 Feb 1;95(3):930-5 - PubMed
  79. Nature. 1995 Sep 7;377(6544):68-71 - PubMed
  80. Nihon Rinsho. 2003 Nov;61(11):1953-8 - PubMed
  81. Crit Care Clin. 2001 Jan;17(1):219-37 - PubMed
  82. Cytokine. 2002 May 21;18(4):222-30 - PubMed
  83. Tissue Antigens. 2001 Dec;58(6):407-10 - PubMed
  84. Infect Immun. 1981 Jun;32(3):1058-66 - PubMed
  85. Annu Rev Microbiol. 1954;8:273-88 - PubMed
  86. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 2005;297:145-85 - PubMed
  87. J Parasitol. 1976 Feb;62(1):137-8 - PubMed
  88. Int J Cardiol. 1993 Dec 31;42(3):231-8 - PubMed
  89. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2005 Oct 1;172(7):861-8 - PubMed
  90. Shock. 1996 Aug;6(2):79-88 - PubMed
  91. Nature. 1976 Jan 29;259(5541):309-11 - PubMed
  92. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998 Sep 15;95(19):11383-8 - PubMed
  93. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2001 Feb;24(2):210-7 - PubMed
  94. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001 Oct 15;164(8 Pt 1):1444-7 - PubMed
  95. Parasitol Today. 1991 Aug;7(8):205-7 - PubMed
  96. Ann Intern Med. 1980 Feb;92(2 Pt 1):227-37 - PubMed
  97. Trop Med Int Health. 2004 Oct;9(10):1099-103 - PubMed
  98. Acta Trop. 2004 Feb;89(3):319-27 - PubMed
  99. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1984;78(4):442-4 - PubMed
  100. Nature. 1967 Jun 24;214(5095):1327-8 - PubMed
  101. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 1961 Dec;55:489-97 - PubMed
  102. J Infect Dis. 2002 Aug 1;186(3):436-40 - PubMed
  103. JAMA. 2004 Jun 2;291(21):2542-4 - PubMed
  104. Int J Parasitol. 2006 May 1;36(5):541-6 - PubMed
  105. Science. 1966 Jul 1;153(3731):80-2 - PubMed
  106. Crit Care Med. 1999 Mar;27(3):628-32 - PubMed
  107. Lancet. 2002 Jul 20;360(9328):219-23 - PubMed
  108. Crit Care Med. 1991 May;19(5):705-11 - PubMed
  109. Nat Rev Immunol. 2003 Sep;3(9):745-56 - PubMed
  110. Crit Care Med. 1995 Jul;23(7):1217-26 - PubMed
  111. Br J Haematol. 1988 Sep;70(1):99-103 - PubMed
  112. Ann Clin Lab Sci. 1990 Nov-Dec;20(6):393-7 - PubMed
  113. Klin Wochenschr. 1982 Jul 15;60(14):756-8 - PubMed
  114. Bull World Health Organ. 1970;43(2):325-36 - PubMed
  115. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1998 Feb;58(2):204-10 - PubMed
  116. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1992 Nov-Dec;86(6):602-7 - PubMed
  117. Thromb Haemost. 2000 Dec;84(6):1087-94 - PubMed
  118. Nat Genet. 1999 Jun;22(2):145-50 - PubMed
  119. Cancer. 1988 Dec 15;62(12):2467-71 - PubMed
  120. Cell Immunol. 2001 Mar 15;208(2):73-9 - PubMed
  121. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2005 Oct;18(5):369-75 - PubMed
  122. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1994 Nov;51(5):642-7 - PubMed
  123. QJM. 1997 Sep;90(9):563-9 - PubMed
  124. Blood. 2003 Apr 1;101(7):2652-60 - PubMed
  125. Metabolism. 1998 Jun;47(6):681-5 - PubMed
  126. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2003 Jan;68(1):115-9 - PubMed
  127. Crit Care Med. 2004 Nov;32(11):2304-10 - PubMed
  128. Arterioscler Thromb. 1994 Jul;14(7):1193-201 - PubMed
  129. J Surg Res. 1997 Apr;69(1):205-7 - PubMed
  130. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol. 1998 Jan;119(1):219-24 - PubMed
  131. N Engl J Med. 1995 May 25;332(21):1399-404 - PubMed
  132. Genet Epidemiol. 2001 Nov;21(3):201-11 - PubMed
  133. Brain Dev. 2005 Oct;27(7):477-82 - PubMed
  134. Eur J Clin Invest. 1995 Nov;25(11):843-51 - PubMed
  135. Parasitol Today. 1987 Oct;3(10):300-5 - PubMed
  136. Metabolism. 1994 Aug;43(8):974-81 - PubMed
  137. Surgery. 1971 Mar;69(3):410-8 - PubMed
  138. Mutat Res. 2001 Jun 2;477(1-2):97-110 - PubMed
  139. J Med. 1982;13(5-6):479-85 - PubMed
  140. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1998 May-Jun;92(3):305-8 - PubMed
  141. Crit Care Med. 2000 Jun;28(6):1833-40 - PubMed
  142. Anaesthesist. 2003 Apr;52(4):294-303 - PubMed
  143. Neurology. 1985 Mar;35(3):300-6 - PubMed
  144. Eur J Clin Invest. 1991 Jun;21(3):331-8 - PubMed
  145. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1998 Mar;58(3):335-7 - PubMed
  146. Infect Immun. 1979 May;24(2):319-25 - PubMed
  147. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2004 Feb;26(2):133-5 - PubMed
  148. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1998 Jan-Feb;92(1):45-9 - PubMed
  149. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992 Apr 15;89(8):3200-3 - PubMed
  150. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2001 Jun;280(6):H2848-56 - PubMed
  151. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1999 Sep;61(3):467-72 - PubMed
  152. J Interferon Cytokine Res. 2005 Jun;25(6):297-310 - PubMed
  153. J Inflamm. 1995-1996;47(1-2):39-51 - PubMed
  154. Lancet. 2000 Apr 1;355(9210):1143-8 - PubMed
  155. Nature. 2002 Aug 15;418(6899):785-9 - PubMed
  156. Haematologica. 1999 Mar;84(3):254-9 - PubMed
  157. Infect Immun. 2003 Jan;71(1):267-70 - PubMed
  158. Immunology. 1988 Jun;64(2):227-31 - PubMed
  159. Nature. 1985 Aug 8-14;316(6028):552-4 - PubMed
  160. Am J Med. 1980 May;68(5):649-54 - PubMed
  161. Hepatology. 1995 Sep;22(3):780-7 - PubMed
  162. Lancet. 1994 Jan 1;343(8888):16-20 - PubMed
  163. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 1996 Aug;90(4):395-402 - PubMed
  164. J Clin Invest. 1996 Oct 1;98(7):1550-9 - PubMed
  165. Int J Epidemiol. 1997 Jun;26(3):670-6 - PubMed
  166. Clin Infect Dis. 2003 Oct 1;37(7):890-7 - PubMed
  167. N Engl J Med. 1996 Jun 27;334(26):1697-702 - PubMed
  168. Cancer Lett. 1994 Apr 29;79(1):27-32 - PubMed
  169. Baillieres Best Pract Res Clin Haematol. 1999 Sep;12(3):343-59 - PubMed
  170. Pediatr Int. 2002 Dec;44(6):705-7 - PubMed
  171. J Clin Invest. 1995 May;95(5):2083-8 - PubMed
  172. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2005 Apr;99(4):243-51 - PubMed
  173. QJM. 1995 May;88(5):341-9 - PubMed
  174. J Cell Physiol. 2003 Apr;195(1):1-11 - PubMed
  175. Nat Med. 2003 Oct;9(10):1245-50 - PubMed
  176. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand Suppl. 1997;110:87-95 - PubMed
  177. J Infect Dis. 1996 Oct;174(4):878-80 - PubMed
  178. Q J Med. 1993 Feb;86(2):99-109 - PubMed
  179. J Infect Dis. 2003 Oct 1;188(7):1074-82 - PubMed
  180. Crit Care Med. 2005 Oct;33(10):2420-2 - PubMed
  181. Resuscitation. 1995 Apr;29(2):157-68 - PubMed
  182. Nephron. 1997;76(3):307-9 - PubMed
  183. Am J Hematol. 1997 Jan;54(1):23-9 - PubMed
  184. Arch Surg. 1994 Jan;129(1):80-9 - PubMed
  185. N Engl J Med. 1983 Jul 14;309(2):61-6 - PubMed
  186. Am J Physiol. 1999 Apr;276(4 Pt 2):F614-21 - PubMed
  187. Free Radic Biol Med. 2006 Jan 1;40(1):127-37 - PubMed
  188. Am J Pathol. 1987 Oct;129(1):192-9 - PubMed
  189. PLoS Med. 2004 Oct;1(1):e18 - PubMed
  190. JAMA. 1999 Aug 11;282(6):561-8 - PubMed
  191. Annu Rev Immunol. 2005;23:69-99 - PubMed
  192. Immunology. 1992 May;76(1):35-41 - PubMed
  193. Circ Shock. 1982;9(3):259-67 - PubMed
  194. Nature. 2002 Jul 11;418(6894):191-5 - PubMed
  195. J Trauma. 2001 May;50(5):801-9 - PubMed
  196. Klin Wochenschr. 1985;63 Suppl 3:35-7 - PubMed
  197. Shock. 2006 Jan;25(1):4-11 - PubMed
  198. Crit Care Med. 2001 Jun;29(6):1215-21 - PubMed
  199. J Neurochem. 1990 Jul;55(1):338-41 - PubMed
  200. Neurol Clin. 1988 May;6(2):377-87 - PubMed
  201. Crit Care Med. 2000 Aug;28(8):3019-24 - PubMed
  202. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000 Dec;162(6):2308-15 - PubMed
  203. Lancet. 2004 Jan 17;363(9404):203-9 - PubMed
  204. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2005 Sep;99(3):1120-6 - PubMed
  205. Blood. 2003 Jan 1;101(1):331-7 - PubMed
  206. Infect Immun. 2006 Jun;74(6):3355-9 - PubMed
  207. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1989 Jul-Aug;83(4):436-40 - PubMed
  208. Shock. 2005 Mar;23(3):209-15 - PubMed
  209. Resuscitation. 1986 Dec;14(4):245-53 - PubMed
  210. Transplantation. 1996 Jan 27;61(2):224-8 - PubMed
  211. J Biol Chem. 2001 Oct 26;276(43):39805-11 - PubMed
  212. J Clin Virol. 2004 Jan;29(1):44-50 - PubMed
  213. J Pediatr Surg. 2004 Jun;39(6):912-5; discussion 912-5 - PubMed
  214. Blood. 1998 Aug 15;92(4):1259-67 - PubMed
  215. Biometals. 2001 Sep-Dec;14(3-4):343-51 - PubMed
  216. Surgery. 1987 Jan;101(1):1-14 - PubMed
  217. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2004 Jan;36(1):141-50 - PubMed
  218. Clin Infect Dis. 2005 Feb 15;40(4):538-45 - PubMed
  219. Clin Infect Dis. 2002 Sep 1;35(5):512-7 - PubMed
  220. J Am Coll Surg. 1998 Mar;186(3):337-50 - PubMed
  221. Nature. 1991 Feb 7;349(6309):521-4 - PubMed
  222. Am J Physiol. 1991 Oct;261(4 Pt 2):R965-72 - PubMed
  223. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 1997 Jan;76(1):F15-20 - PubMed
  224. Exp Parasitol. 2003 Mar-Apr;103(3-4):182-4 - PubMed
  225. Scand J Infect Dis. 2003;35(1):59-61 - PubMed
  226. J Clin Invest. 2005 May;115(5):1267-74 - PubMed
  227. QJM. 1999 Sep;92(9):495-503 - PubMed
  228. Infect Immun. 1987 Jul;55(7):1622-5 - PubMed
  229. Circulation. 2001 Nov 13;104(20):2492-7 - PubMed
  230. Mitochondrion. 2004 Sep;4(5-6):729-41 - PubMed
  231. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2005 May;24(5):467-70 - PubMed
  232. Lymphokine Res. 1989 Fall;8(3):317-22 - PubMed
  233. Ann Emerg Med. 2001 Aug;38(2):170-6 - PubMed
  234. Cytokine. 2004 Jul 7;27(1):31-7 - PubMed
  235. Exp Hematol. 1990 May;18(4):311-5 - PubMed
  236. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 1987 Oct;81(5):577-85 - PubMed
  237. Lab Hematol. 2004;10(4):206-11 - PubMed
  238. Mol Med. 1997 Feb;3(2):136-44 - PubMed
  239. J Thromb Haemost. 2003 Jul;1(7):1655-62 - PubMed
  240. J Infect Dis. 2002 May 1;185(9):1326-34 - PubMed
  241. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2005 Mar;99(3):171-4 - PubMed
  242. J Clin Pathol. 1994 Jul;47(7):653-6 - PubMed
  243. Trop Dis Bull. 1950 Aug;47(8):677-98 - PubMed
  244. Crit Rev Immunol. 1997;17(1):77-88 - PubMed
  245. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 1991 Sep;23(9):1077-86 - PubMed
  246. Trends Parasitol. 2005 Jan;21(1):11-6 - PubMed
  247. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1975 Sep;72(9):3666-70 - PubMed
  248. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2003 Aug;9(4):260-5 - PubMed
  249. J Clin Invest. 1995 Aug;96(2):1085-92 - PubMed
  250. QJM. 1997 Apr;90(4):263-70 - PubMed
  251. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 1992;87 Suppl 3:51-5 - PubMed
  252. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1994 Oct 14;204(1):169-75 - PubMed
  253. Circulation. 1996 Nov 15;94(10):2580-6 - PubMed
  254. Trop Med Int Health. 2000 Jun;5(6):404-12 - PubMed
  255. Br J Haematol. 1987 Jul;66(3):295-306 - PubMed
  256. Science. 1924 Dec 5;60(1562):505-14 - PubMed
  257. Crit Care Med. 2002 May;30(5 Suppl):S263-7 - PubMed
  258. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1983 Mar;80(6):1717-20 - PubMed
  259. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2004 Jul;17(3):509-39, table of contents - PubMed
  260. Br J Haematol. 1967 May;13(3):269-88 - PubMed
  261. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 1997 Sep 29;352(1359):1385-94 - PubMed
  262. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc. 2004;31(4):257-66 - PubMed
  263. Immunology. 1978 Jan;34(1):77-86 - PubMed
  264. Mitochondrion. 2005 Oct;5(5):322-32 - PubMed
  265. Semin Thromb Hemost. 2006 Feb;32(1):33-9 - PubMed
  266. Crit Care Med. 1994 Apr;22(4):640-50 - PubMed
  267. Am J Pathol. 2005 Jan;166(1):295-302 - PubMed
  268. J Clin Invest. 2000 Nov;106(10):1291-300 - PubMed
  269. Curr Mol Med. 2006 Mar;6(2):141-53 - PubMed
  270. Infect Immun. 2000 Apr;68(4):2259-67 - PubMed
  271. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 1993 Dec;87(6):617-26 - PubMed
  272. Infect Immun. 1989 May;57(5):1542-6 - PubMed
  273. Exp Parasitol. 1977 Feb;41(1):105-11 - PubMed
  274. Acta Paediatr Jpn. 1996 Jun;38(3):237-41 - PubMed
  275. J Infect Dis. 2000 Nov;182(5):1570-3 - PubMed
  276. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1996 Nov;55(5):521-4 - PubMed
  277. Occup Med (Lond). 2003 Mar;53(2):139-42 - PubMed
  278. Science. 1999 Jul 9;285(5425):248-51 - PubMed
  279. Lancet. 1987 Mar 28;1(8535):708-11 - PubMed
  280. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 2005;295:105-36 - PubMed
  281. Lancet. 2002 Dec 7;360(9348):1831-7 - PubMed
  282. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2006 Feb;38(2):267-78 - PubMed
  283. Nat Med. 2004 Feb;10(2):143-5 - PubMed
  284. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2004 Sep;37(3):775-84 - PubMed
  285. Ter Arkh. 2003;75(11):17-23 - PubMed
  286. QJM. 2003 Jun;96(6):427-34 - PubMed
  287. Infect Immun. 2000 Jul;68(7):3909-15 - PubMed
  288. Infect Immun. 1993 Dec;61(12):5198-204 - PubMed
  289. Nature. 1966 Oct 15;212(5059):257-8 - PubMed
  290. Anesth Analg. 2005 Nov;101(5):1463-4 - PubMed
  291. Br J Haematol. 1987 Mar;65(3):289-94 - PubMed
  292. Arch Intern Med. 1998 Oct 26;158(19):2149-54 - PubMed
  293. Intensive Care Med. 2005 Dec;31(12):1611-7 - PubMed
  294. Clin Immunol Immunopathol. 1994 Jun;71(3):344-8 - PubMed
  295. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2006 Apr;1757(4):262-72 - PubMed
  296. Infect Immun. 1992 Sep;60(9):3725-30 - PubMed
  297. World J Gastroenterol. 2004 Oct 1;10(19):2898-900 - PubMed
  298. Immunol Res. 1986;5(4):281-93 - PubMed
  299. Thromb Haemost. 1999 Sep;82(3):1047-52 - PubMed
  300. Malar J. 2003 Nov 19;2(1):41 - PubMed
  301. J Infect Dis. 2002 Apr 1;185(7):971-9 - PubMed
  302. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1994 Jan-Feb;88(1):67-73 - PubMed
  303. Crit Care Med. 2005 Oct;33(10):2235-40 - PubMed
  304. Am J Surg. 2003 May;185(5):485-91 - PubMed
  305. J Infect Dis. 2000 Sep;182(3):988-92 - PubMed
  306. Parasite Immunol. 1979 Autumn;1(3):179-96 - PubMed
  307. J Immunol. 1997 Dec 1;159(11):5620-8 - PubMed
  308. Blood. 1997 Jan 15;89(2):503-9 - PubMed
  309. Acta Trop. 2004 Feb;89(3):309-17 - PubMed
  310. Infect Immun. 2006 Jan;74(1):645-53 - PubMed
  311. Blut. 1983 May;46(5):279-88 - PubMed
  312. Cancer Res. 2000 Feb 15;60(4):883-7 - PubMed
  313. Clin Haematol. 1983 Jun;12(2):375-93 - PubMed
  314. Circ Shock. 1985;15(2):105-10 - PubMed
  315. Shock. 2005 Dec;24(6):556-63 - PubMed
  316. J Clin Invest. 1994 Apr;93(4):1571-6 - PubMed
  317. Malar J. 2003 Apr 8;2:6 - PubMed
  318. J Infect Dis. 1999 Jan;179(1):279-82 - PubMed
  319. Blood. 2006 Jul 1;108(1):370-8 - PubMed
  320. Ann Acad Med Singapore. 1983 Jan;12(1):115-25 - PubMed
  321. Br J Haematol. 1989 May;72(1):91-9 - PubMed
  322. Int J Parasitol. 1996 Jun;26(6):647-55 - PubMed
  323. Neurochem Int. 2003 Sep-Oct;43(4-5):331-8 - PubMed
  324. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1997 Nov;57(5):507-11 - PubMed
  325. J Virol. 2005 Feb;79(4):2211-20 - PubMed
  326. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1996 Nov;55(5):525-30 - PubMed
  327. Eur Cytokine Netw. 2003 Oct-Dec;14(4):238-41 - PubMed
  328. Am J Pathol. 1985 Jun;119(3):385-401 - PubMed
  329. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 1967 Mar;61(1):40-51 - PubMed
  330. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1966 Jul;56(1):72-7 - PubMed
  331. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2002 Sep;67(3):230-2 - PubMed
  332. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 1971 Sep;65(3):287-95 - PubMed
  333. Clin Infect Dis. 2001 Apr 15;32(8):1117-25 - PubMed
  334. Am J Med. 1984 Apr;76(4):696-701 - PubMed
  335. J Infect Dis. 2003 Feb 1;187(3):461-6 - PubMed
  336. Eur J Pediatr. 1996 May;155(5):404-9 - PubMed
  337. J Trauma. 2002 Dec;53(6):1058-63 - PubMed
  338. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1999 May;60(5):733-7 - PubMed
  339. Arthritis Rheum. 2003 Jul;48(7):2052-8 - PubMed
  340. J Clin Invest. 1969 Apr;48(4):674-84 - PubMed
  341. Microbes Infect. 2005 Aug-Sep;7(11-12):1204-10 - PubMed
  342. N Engl J Med. 1992 Nov 26;327(22):1564-9 - PubMed
  343. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997 Aug;82(8):2514-21 - PubMed

Substances

MeSH terms

Publication Types