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Samuels ER, Szabadi E. Functional neuroanatomy of the noradrenergic locus coeruleus: its roles in the regulation of arousal and autonomic function part I: principles of functional organisation. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2008;6(3):235-53doi: 10.2174/157015908785777229.
Samuels, E. R., & Szabadi, E. (2008). Functional neuroanatomy of the noradrenergic locus coeruleus: its roles in the regulation of arousal and autonomic function part I: principles of functional organisation. Current neuropharmacology, 6(3), 235-53. https://doi.org/10.2174/157015908785777229
Samuels, E R, and Szabadi, E. "Functional neuroanatomy of the noradrenergic locus coeruleus: its roles in the regulation of arousal and autonomic function part I: principles of functional organisation." Current neuropharmacology vol. 6,3 (2008): 235-53. doi: https://doi.org/10.2174/157015908785777229
Samuels ER, Szabadi E. Functional neuroanatomy of the noradrenergic locus coeruleus: its roles in the regulation of arousal and autonomic function part I: principles of functional organisation. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2008 Sep;6(3):235-53. doi: 10.2174/157015908785777229. PMID: 19506723; PMCID: PMC2687936.
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Curr Neuropharmacol. 2008 Sep;6(3):235-53. doi: 10.2174/157015908785777229.

Functional neuroanatomy of the noradrenergic locus coeruleus: its roles in the regulation of arousal and autonomic function part I: principles of functional organisation.

Current neuropharmacology

E R Samuels, E Szabadi

Affiliations

  1. Psychopharmacology Section, University of Nottingham, Division of Psychiatry, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK.

PMID: 19506723 PMCID: PMC2687936 DOI: 10.2174/157015908785777229

Abstract

The locus coeruleus (LC) is the major noradrenergic nucleus of the brain, giving rise to fibres innervating extensive areas throughout the neuraxis. Recent advances in neuroscience have resulted in the unravelling of the neuronal circuits controlling a number of physiological functions in which the LC plays a central role. Two such functions are the regulation of arousal and autonomic activity, which are inseparably linked largely via the involvement of the LC. The LC is a major wakefulness-promoting nucleus, resulting from dense excitatory projections to the majority of the cerebral cortex, cholinergic neurones of the basal forebrain, cortically-projecting neurones of the thalamus, serotoninergic neurones of the dorsal raphe and cholinergic neurones of the pedunculopontine and laterodorsal tegmental nucleus, and substantial inhibitory projections to sleep-promoting GABAergic neurones of the basal forebrain and ventrolateral preoptic area. Activation of the LC thus results in the enhancement of alertness through the innervation of these varied nuclei. The importance of the LC in controlling autonomic function results from both direct projections to the spinal cord and projections to autonomic nuclei including the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus, the nucleus ambiguus, the rostroventrolateral medulla, the Edinger-Westphal nucleus, the caudal raphe, the salivatory nuclei, the paraventricular nucleus, and the amygdala. LC activation produces an increase in sympathetic activity and a decrease in parasympathetic activity via these projections. Alterations in LC activity therefore result in complex patterns of neuronal activity throughout the brain, observed as changes in measures of arousal and autonomic function.

Keywords: Locus coeruleus; arousal; autonomic function; autoreceptors.; brainstem; diencephalons; forebrain; spinal cord

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