Display options
Cite
Bassil N, Alkaade S, Morley JE. The benefits and risks of testosterone replacement therapy: a review. Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2009;5(3):427-48doi: 10.2147/tcrm.s3025.
Bassil, N., Alkaade, S., & Morley, J. E. (2009). The benefits and risks of testosterone replacement therapy: a review. Therapeutics and clinical risk management, 5(3), 427-48. https://doi.org/10.2147/tcrm.s3025
Bassil, Nazem, et al. "The benefits and risks of testosterone replacement therapy: a review." Therapeutics and clinical risk management vol. 5,3 (2009): 427-48. doi: https://doi.org/10.2147/tcrm.s3025
Bassil N, Alkaade S, Morley JE. The benefits and risks of testosterone replacement therapy: a review. Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2009 Jun;5(3):427-48. doi: 10.2147/tcrm.s3025. Epub 2009 Jun 22. PMID: 19707253; PMCID: PMC2701485.
Copy Download .nbib Format: NLM
Share it on

Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2009 Jun;5(3):427-48. doi: 10.2147/tcrm.s3025. Epub 2009 Jun 22.

The benefits and risks of testosterone replacement therapy: a review.

Therapeutics and clinical risk management

Nazem Bassil, Saad Alkaade, John E Morley

Affiliations

  1. Division of Geriatric Medicine;

PMID: 19707253 PMCID: PMC2701485 DOI: 10.2147/tcrm.s3025

Abstract

Increased longevity and population aging will increase the number of men with late onset hypogonadism. It is a common condition, but often underdiagnosed and undertreated. The indication of testosterone-replacement therapy (TRT) treatment requires the presence of low testosterone level, and symptoms and signs of hypogonadism. Although controversy remains regarding indications for testosterone supplementation in aging men due to lack of large-scale, long-term studies assessing the benefits and risks of testosterone-replacement therapy in men, reports indicate that TRT may produce a wide range of benefits for men with hypogonadism that include improvement in libido and sexual function, bone density, muscle mass, body composition, mood, erythropoiesis, cognition, quality of life and cardiovascular disease. Perhaps the most controversial area is the issue of risk, especially possible stimulation of prostate cancer by testosterone, even though no evidence to support this risk exists. Other possible risks include worsening symptoms of benign prostatic hypertrophy, liver toxicity, hyperviscosity, erythrocytosis, worsening untreated sleep apnea or severe heart failure. Despite this controversy, testosterone supplementation in the United States has increased substantially over the past several years. The physician should discuss with the patient the potential benefits and risks of TRT. The purpose of this review is to discuss what is known and not known regarding the benefits and risks of TRT.

Keywords: cardiovascular disease; erectile dysfunction; hypogonadism; osteoporosis; testosterone replacement therapy

References

  1. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003 Jun;88(6):2673-81 - PubMed
  2. J Androl. 2003 May-Jun;24(3):299-311 - PubMed
  3. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2007 Jun;14(3):226-34 - PubMed
  4. Am J Epidemiol. 2003 Jan 1;157(1):25-31 - PubMed
  5. Oncology (Williston Park). 2004 Mar;18(3):303-9; discussion 310, 315, 319-21 - PubMed
  6. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2001 Oct;55(4):531-6 - PubMed
  7. J Sex Med. 2008 Sep;5(9):2202-8 - PubMed
  8. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2003 Nov;58(11):1002-8 - PubMed
  9. Am J Epidemiol. 1997 Oct 15;146(8):609-17 - PubMed
  10. J Endocrinol Invest. 2001 Apr;24(4):246-52 - PubMed
  11. Eur Urol. 2004 Jul;46(1):80-7 - PubMed
  12. Metabolism. 1989 Oct;38(10):1010-5 - PubMed
  13. J Clin Pharmacol. 1997 Dec;37(12):1139-45 - PubMed
  14. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2003 Jun;58(6):710-7 - PubMed
  15. Endocr Rev. 2005 Oct;26(6):833-76 - PubMed
  16. Int J Impot Res. 1999 Dec;11(6):343-52 - PubMed
  17. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002 Jul;87(7):3394-8 - PubMed
  18. Urol Clin North Am. 1995 Nov;22(4):711-26 - PubMed
  19. Osteoporos Int. 2008 May;19(5):615-23 - PubMed
  20. BJU Int. 2004 Nov;94(7):1066-70 - PubMed
  21. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005 Jul;90(7):3838-46 - PubMed
  22. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1993 Nov;17(11):643-9 - PubMed
  23. Bone. 1996 Feb;18(2):171-7 - PubMed
  24. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1990 Oct;71(4):929-31 - PubMed
  25. JAMA. 2006 Nov 15;296(19):2351-61 - PubMed
  26. Diabetes Care. 2007 Feb;30(2):234-8 - PubMed
  27. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006 Mar;91(3):843-50 - PubMed
  28. J Urol. 2003 Sep;170(3):795-8 - PubMed
  29. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1995 Aug;43(8):899-901 - PubMed
  30. Neurology. 2005 Jun 28;64(12):2063-8 - PubMed
  31. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2005 Oct;63(4):381-94 - PubMed
  32. Geriatrics. 2007 Sep;62(9):15-8 - PubMed
  33. Aging Male. 2006 Jun;9(2):111-22 - PubMed
  34. Andrologia. 2006 Feb;38(1):34-7 - PubMed
  35. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006 Jun;91(6):1995-2010 - PubMed
  36. J Endocrinol Invest. 2003 Sep;26(9):814-22 - PubMed
  37. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004 Aug;89(8):3821-9 - PubMed
  38. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1992 Oct;75(4):1092-8 - PubMed
  39. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1995 Dec;80(12):3567-75 - PubMed
  40. Aging Male. 2005 Mar;8(1):31-8 - PubMed
  41. Int J Pharm. 2001 May 21;219(1-2):51-9 - PubMed
  42. Maturitas. 2007 Jun 20;57(2):182-94 - PubMed
  43. Circulation. 2004 Nov 9;110(19):3100-7 - PubMed
  44. Lancet. 1990 Oct 20;336(8721):955-9 - PubMed
  45. Arch Neurol. 2006 Feb;63(2):177-85 - PubMed
  46. J Neuroendocrinol. 2000 Apr;12(4):351-4 - PubMed
  47. Drugs Aging. 2000 Dec;17(6):431-9 - PubMed
  48. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007 Nov;92(11):4241-7 - PubMed
  49. Ann Pharmacother. 2001 Oct;35(10):1205-7 - PubMed
  50. Maturitas. 2003 May 30;45(1):15-27 - PubMed
  51. Aging Male. 2004 Sep;7(3):211-8 - PubMed
  52. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999 Feb;84(2):573-7 - PubMed
  53. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2006 Apr 19;98(8):529-34 - PubMed
  54. Am J Med. 2001 Sep;111(4):261-9 - PubMed
  55. Psychosom Med. 1991 Jul-Aug;53(4):363-74 - PubMed
  56. J Clin Pharm Ther. 2000 Dec;25(6):421-6 - PubMed
  57. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1996 Mar;81(3):1018-22 - PubMed
  58. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000 Jan;85(1):60-5 - PubMed
  59. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999 Oct;84(10):3681-5 - PubMed
  60. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006 Apr;91(4):1336-44 - PubMed
  61. J Endocrinol Invest. 2005;28(3 Suppl):28-31 - PubMed
  62. Eur Urol. 2006 Nov;50(5):940-7 - PubMed
  63. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1985 Jan;60(1):203-7 - PubMed
  64. Metabolism. 1979 Oct;28(10):1051-73 - PubMed
  65. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002 Oct;87(10):4522-7 - PubMed
  66. Arch Intern Med. 2008 Jan 14;168(1):47-54 - PubMed
  67. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997 Jan;82(1):3-8 - PubMed
  68. J Psychiatr Res. 1999 Sep-Oct;33(5):379-87 - PubMed
  69. J Urol. 2003 Nov;170(5):1808-11 - PubMed
  70. J Endocrinol. 1999 Jul;162(1):137-42 - PubMed
  71. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008 Jul;93(7):2737-45 - PubMed
  72. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2004 Sep;29(8):1071-81 - PubMed
  73. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1996 Oct;81(10):3754-8 - PubMed
  74. Can J Psychiatry. 2006 Apr;51(5):295-9 - PubMed
  75. BJU Int. 2003 Jan;91(1):69-74 - PubMed
  76. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999 Oct;84(10):3469-78 - PubMed
  77. Aging Male. 2002 Mar;5(1):38-46 - PubMed
  78. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997 Jul 8;94(14):7537-42 - PubMed
  79. Eur Urol. 2000 Dec;38(6):655-62 - PubMed
  80. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001 Feb;86(2):724-31 - PubMed
  81. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol. 2005 Mar;18(1):20-4 - PubMed
  82. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006 Jul;91(7):2509-13 - PubMed
  83. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003 Jan;88(1):358-62 - PubMed
  84. Urology. 1999 Feb;53(2):423-4 - PubMed
  85. Eur Urol. 2005 Mar;47(3):308-12 - PubMed
  86. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2004 Jun;60(6):653-70 - PubMed
  87. Physiol Rev. 2001 Jan;81(1):419-447 - PubMed
  88. Am J Physiol. 1995 Nov;269(5 Pt 1):E820-6 - PubMed
  89. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2006 Jul;65(1):125-31 - PubMed
  90. J Sex Med. 2005 Mar;2(2):235-40 - PubMed
  91. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2008 Feb 6;100(3):158-9 - PubMed
  92. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008 May 27;51(21):2045-50 - PubMed
  93. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2006 Sep;65(3):275-81 - PubMed
  94. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1999 Feb;56(2):194-5 - PubMed
  95. Urology. 2006 Dec;68(6):1152-5 - PubMed
  96. Liver. 1992 Apr;12(2):73-9 - PubMed
  97. JAMA. 2008 Jan 2;299(1):39-52 - PubMed
  98. Aging Male. 2006 Sep;9(3):165-9 - PubMed
  99. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2000 Sep;55(9):M492-7 - PubMed
  100. Arch Intern Med. 2007 Jun 25;167(12):1252-60 - PubMed
  101. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001 May;86(5):2020-6 - PubMed
  102. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002 Jan;87(1):136-43 - PubMed
  103. Aging Male. 2003 Sep;6(3):207-11 - PubMed
  104. Metabolism. 1990 Sep;39(9):897-901 - PubMed
  105. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006 Nov;91(11):4335-43 - PubMed
  106. Maturitas. 2001 Aug 25;39(2):147-59 - PubMed
  107. Circulation. 1988 Sep;78(3):539-45 - PubMed
  108. Cancer. 2007 Feb 1;109(3):536-41 - PubMed
  109. Eur J Endocrinol. 1998 Jan;138(1):51-8 - PubMed
  110. J Lab Clin Med. 2001 Apr;137(4):231-43 - PubMed
  111. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1996 Jul;45(1):61-71 - PubMed
  112. J Urol. 1997 May;157(5):1845 - PubMed
  113. JAMA. 2006 Mar 15;295(11):1288-99 - PubMed
  114. Cancer. 1982 Apr 1;49(7):1373-7 - PubMed
  115. Aging Male. 2007 Jun;10(2):57-65 - PubMed
  116. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1981 Nov;53(5):1021-4 - PubMed
  117. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997 Jun;82(6):1661-7 - PubMed
  118. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997 Aug;82(8):2386-90 - PubMed
  119. Hum Reprod. 2009 Feb;24(2):425-8 - PubMed
  120. Horm Behav. 1998 Apr;33(2):85-94 - PubMed
  121. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2006 Jun;31(5):565-76 - PubMed
  122. Br J Haematol. 2000 Jul;110(1):237-8 - PubMed
  123. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2002 Apr;50(4):707-12 - PubMed
  124. Psychosom Med. 1988 May-Jun;50(3):304-18 - PubMed
  125. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007 Sep;92(9):3599-603 - PubMed
  126. Biol Psychiatry. 2001 Sep 1;50(5):371-6 - PubMed
  127. Med Hypotheses. 1999 Jan;52(1):49-51 - PubMed
  128. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000 Aug;85(8):2839-53 - PubMed
  129. Int J Impot Res. 2006 Mar-Apr;18(2):201-5 - PubMed
  130. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007 Nov;92(11):4107-14 - PubMed
  131. Cortex. 2006 Apr;42(3):376-86 - PubMed
  132. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006 Mar;91(3):1168-72 - PubMed
  133. J Okla State Med Assoc. 1994 Sep;87(9):399-404 - PubMed
  134. Horm Res. 2003;60(Suppl 1):121-4 - PubMed
  135. Maturitas. 2006 Mar 20;53(4):424-9 - PubMed
  136. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007 Sep;92(9):3568-72 - PubMed
  137. Eur J Endocrinol. 2006 Jun;154(6):899-906 - PubMed
  138. J Intern Med. 1995 May;237(5):479-86 - PubMed
  139. Diabetes Care. 2005 Jul;28(7):1636-42 - PubMed
  140. Br J Urol. 1995 Jul;76 Suppl 1:5-10 - PubMed
  141. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001 Jun;86(6):2380-90 - PubMed
  142. Urology. 2004 Apr;63(4):641-6 - PubMed
  143. Postgrad Med. 2008 Sep;120(3):130-53 - PubMed
  144. Nat Clin Pract Urol. 2006 May;3(5):260-7 - PubMed
  145. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis. 2006;9(1):39-41 - PubMed
  146. J Urol. 2005 Feb;173(2):530-2 - PubMed
  147. J Neurosci Res. 2003 Dec 1;74(5):637-43 - PubMed
  148. Ann Intern Med. 1993 Mar 15;118(6):429-32 - PubMed
  149. Fertil Steril. 1996 Apr;65(4):821-9 - PubMed
  150. Am J Hematol. 2004 Nov;77(3):257-67 - PubMed
  151. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007 Sep 11;50(11):1070-6 - PubMed
  152. Int J Androl. 2007 Dec;30(6):500-7 - PubMed
  153. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2005 Dec;25(6):584-8 - PubMed
  154. J Androl. 2001 Sep-Oct;22(5):718-31 - PubMed
  155. Endocr Rev. 1988 May;9(2):181-99 - PubMed
  156. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2005 Nov;60(11):1451-7 - PubMed
  157. Int J Impot Res. 2008 Jul-Aug;20(4):378-87 - PubMed
  158. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1996 Oct;81(10):3578-83 - PubMed
  159. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002 Feb;87(2):589-98 - PubMed
  160. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1993 Feb;41(2):149-52 - PubMed
  161. Aging Male. 2005 Sep-Dec;8(3-4):135-40 - PubMed
  162. Prostate. 1995 Jul;27(1):25-31 - PubMed
  163. Eur Urol. 2006 Sep;50(3):407-9 - PubMed
  164. Circulation. 1995 Jun 1;91(11):2742-7 - PubMed
  165. Int J Androl. 2003 Jun;26(3):187-94 - PubMed
  166. Obes Res. 1993 Jul;1(4):245-51 - PubMed
  167. Am J Epidemiol. 1990 Jan;131(1):32-47 - PubMed
  168. Curr Urol Rep. 2008 Nov;9(6):500-5 - PubMed
  169. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005 Mar;90(3):1502-10 - PubMed
  170. Eur J Endocrinol. 2008 Nov;159(5):507-14 - PubMed
  171. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004 May;89(5):2085-98 - PubMed
  172. Neurology. 2004 Jan 27;62(2):188-93 - PubMed
  173. J Gend Specif Med. 2001;4(2):49-53 - PubMed
  174. Can J Psychiatry. 1992 Feb;37(1):23-8 - PubMed
  175. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2002 Feb;57(2):M76-99 - PubMed
  176. JAMA. 2007 Aug 8;298(6):629-37 - PubMed
  177. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000 Aug;85(8):2670-7 - PubMed
  178. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998 Jun;83(6):1886-92 - PubMed
  179. Atherosclerosis. 1997 Sep;133(2):235-44 - PubMed
  180. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005 May 17;45(10):1603-8 - PubMed
  181. Circulation. 2000 Oct 17;102(16):1906-11 - PubMed
  182. N Engl J Med. 2004 Jan 29;350(5):482-92 - PubMed
  183. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006 Jun;91(6):2011-6 - PubMed
  184. J Urol. 2004 Aug;172(2):658-63 - PubMed
  185. J Urol. 1997 Nov;158(5):1764-7 - PubMed
  186. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2000 Feb;57(2):133-40; discussion 155-6 - PubMed
  187. Clin Cancer Res. 2004 Nov 15;10(22):7575-82 - PubMed
  188. Arch Intern Med. 2006 Aug 14-28;166(15):1660-5 - PubMed
  189. J Health Soc Behav. 1999 Jun;40(2):130-40 - PubMed
  190. Physiol Behav. 2004 Dec 15;83(3):437-45 - PubMed
  191. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004 May;89(5):2039-43 - PubMed
  192. Urology. 1991 Mar;37(3):224-8 - PubMed
  193. Eur J Endocrinol. 2006 Dec;155(6):773-81 - PubMed
  194. Aging Male. 2005 Jun;8(2):59-74 - PubMed
  195. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004 Dec;89(12):5920-6 - PubMed
  196. Diabetes Care. 2007 Aug;30(8):1972-8 - PubMed
  197. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997 Nov;82(11):3793-6 - PubMed
  198. J Affect Disord. 1998 Mar;48(2-3):157-61 - PubMed
  199. Mech Ageing Dev. 1999 Mar 1;107(2):123-36 - PubMed
  200. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006 Oct;91(10):3908-15 - PubMed
  201. Int J Impot Res. 2004 Apr;16(2):105-11 - PubMed
  202. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2005 Mar;60(3):385-90 - PubMed
  203. J Sex Med. 2004 Jul;1(1):69-81 - PubMed
  204. Mech Ageing Dev. 2004 Apr;125(4):297-304 - PubMed
  205. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2008 Apr;68(4):589-98 - PubMed
  206. Sports Med. 1990 Nov;10(5):303-37 - PubMed
  207. J Bone Miner Res. 2005 Dec;20(12):2224-32 - PubMed
  208. Am J Cardiol. 1987 Oct 1;60(10):771-7 - PubMed
  209. Circulation. 2007 Nov 20;116(21):2427-34 - PubMed
  210. J Urol. 2006 Dec;176(6 Pt 2):S6-S10; quiz S3-5 - PubMed
  211. Metabolism. 2000 Sep;49(9):1239-42 - PubMed
  212. Horm Res. 1997;48 Suppl 5:65-71 - PubMed
  213. J Urol. 2003 Dec;170(6 Pt 1):2348-51 - PubMed
  214. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 1994 Dec;23(4):877-92 - PubMed
  215. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1991 Jun;39(6):555-61 - PubMed
  216. Obes Res. 1993 May;1(3):206-22 - PubMed
  217. Arch Ital Urol Androl. 2008 Sep;80(3):103-8 - PubMed
  218. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2007 Jun;36(2):333-48 - PubMed
  219. J Clin Psychiatry. 2005 Jan;66(1):7-14 - PubMed
  220. Mayo Clin Proc. 2007 Jan;82(1):29-39 - PubMed
  221. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005 Mar;90(3):1550-6 - PubMed
  222. J Androl. 2003 Jul-Aug;24(4):568-76 - PubMed
  223. Exp Gerontol. 2004 Nov-Dec;39(11-12):1633-9 - PubMed
  224. BJU Int. 2007 Sep;100(3):614-8 - PubMed
  225. J Clin Epidemiol. 1991;44(2):183-90 - PubMed
  226. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007 Oct;92(10):3844-53 - PubMed
  227. Endocrinology. 1991 Jan;128(1):379-82 - PubMed
  228. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1999 Feb;19(1):19-27 - PubMed
  229. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1991 Nov;73(5):1016-25 - PubMed
  230. Drugs Aging. 1999 Aug;15(2):131-42 - PubMed
  231. J Alzheimers Dis. 2003 Aug;5(4):267-9 - PubMed
  232. N Engl J Med. 1996 Mar 14;334(11):707-14 - PubMed
  233. J Nutr Health Aging. 2003;7(3):172-7 - PubMed
  234. Behav Neurosci. 1994 Apr;108(2):325-32 - PubMed
  235. Metabolism. 2003 Jun;52(6):784-90 - PubMed
  236. J Clin Psychiatry. 2002 Dec;63(12):1096-101 - PubMed
  237. Circulation. 2007 Dec 4;116(23):2694-701 - PubMed
  238. Metabolism. 2004 May;53(5):666-72 - PubMed
  239. Aging Male. 2005 Jun;8(2):56-8 - PubMed
  240. Arterioscler Thromb. 1994 May;14(5):701-6 - PubMed
  241. Aging Male. 2003 Jun;6(2):94-9 - PubMed
  242. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002 Aug;87(8):3632-9 - PubMed
  243. Eur J Endocrinol. 2007 May;156(5):585-94 - PubMed
  244. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007 Feb;92(2):405-13 - PubMed
  245. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2004 Jan;59(1):75-8 - PubMed
  246. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2001 Jun;22(3):163-8 - PubMed
  247. Metabolism. 2000 Aug;49(8):1085-91 - PubMed
  248. Cancer. 1999 Jul 15;86(2):312-5 - PubMed
  249. Eur J Endocrinol. 2005 Aug;153(2):317-26 - PubMed
  250. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004 Feb;89(2):503-10 - PubMed
  251. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2004 Feb;29(2):201-14 - PubMed
  252. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2008 Jun;15(3):278-83 - PubMed
  253. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2008 Mar;68(3):404-12 - PubMed
  254. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000 Sep;85(9):3276-82 - PubMed
  255. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1985 Jun;22(6):713-21 - PubMed
  256. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2008 Feb 6;100(3):170-83 - PubMed
  257. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1993 Aug;77(2):375-81 - PubMed
  258. J Clin Psychiatry. 2001 Jun;62(6):406-12 - PubMed
  259. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999 Aug;84(8):2647-53 - PubMed
  260. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2003 Jan;51(1):101-15; discussion 115 - PubMed
  261. Metabolism. 1987 Mar;36(3):244-50 - PubMed
  262. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2005 Sep;14(9):2257-60 - PubMed
  263. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999 Oct;84(10):3666-72 - PubMed
  264. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2004 Oct;61(10):997-1004 - PubMed
  265. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol. 2007 Dec;15(6):529-38 - PubMed
  266. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999 Oct;84(10):3626-35 - PubMed
  267. Lancet. 1977 Aug 6;2(8032):262-3 - PubMed
  268. Int J Androl. 2002 Apr;25(2):119-25 - PubMed
  269. Urol Clin North Am. 2007 Nov;34(4):549-53, vi - PubMed
  270. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1995 Jan;80(1):239-43 - PubMed
  271. J Urol. 1996 Feb;155(2):529-33 - PubMed
  272. J Appl Physiol (1985). 1986 Aug;61(2):618-23 - PubMed
  273. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1996 May;81(5):1821-6 - PubMed
  274. Diabetes Care. 2004 May;27(5):1036-41 - PubMed
  275. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2000 Apr;88(4):1321-6 - PubMed
  276. Aging Male. 2007 Sep;10(3):139-53 - PubMed
  277. Prostate. 1993;23(2):99-106 - PubMed
  278. Ageing Res Rev. 2008 Jul;7(3):189-208 - PubMed
  279. Maturitas. 2005 Feb 14;50(2):124-33 - PubMed
  280. J Cogn Neurosci. 2000 May;12(3):407-14 - PubMed
  281. Circulation. 2004 May 4;109(17):2074-9 - PubMed
  282. Int J Cancer. 2008 May 15;122(10):2345-50 - PubMed
  283. J Urol. 2005 Feb;173(2):533-6 - PubMed
  284. JAMA. 1993 Jun 2;269(21):2760-4 - PubMed
  285. Eur Urol. 2004 May;45(5):535-8 - PubMed
  286. Lancet. 2000 May 13;355(9216):1707-12 - PubMed
  287. Am J Med. 2007 Feb;120(2):151-7 - PubMed
  288. J Androl. 2002 May-Jun;23(3):419-25 - PubMed
  289. Cardiology. 1999;92(4):221-5 - PubMed
  290. Metabolism. 1991 Jan;40(1):101-4 - PubMed
  291. Metabolism. 1993 Apr;42(4):446-50 - PubMed
  292. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008 Jan;93(1):68-75 - PubMed
  293. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004 Aug;89(8):3813-7 - PubMed
  294. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2001 May;56(5):M266-72 - PubMed
  295. Diabetologia. 1992 Feb;35(2):173-7 - PubMed
  296. World J Urol. 1997;15(1):21-6 - PubMed
  297. Aging Male. 2008 Sep;11(3):146-9 - PubMed
  298. Diabetes Care. 1996 Oct;19(10):1045-50 - PubMed

Publication Types