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Kleinjan JE, Lane RS. Larval keys to the genera of Ixodidae (Acari) and species of Ixodes (Latreille) ticks established in California. Pan-Pac Entomol. 2008;84(2):121-142doi: 10.3956/2007-38.1.
Kleinjan, J. E., & Lane, R. S. (2008). Larval keys to the genera of Ixodidae (Acari) and species of Ixodes (Latreille) ticks established in California. The Pan-Pacific entomologist, 84(2), 121-142. https://doi.org/10.3956/2007-38.1
Kleinjan, Joyce E, and Lane, Robert S. "Larval keys to the genera of Ixodidae (Acari) and species of Ixodes (Latreille) ticks established in California." The Pan-Pacific entomologist vol. 84,2 (2008): 121-142. doi: https://doi.org/10.3956/2007-38.1
Kleinjan JE, Lane RS. Larval keys to the genera of Ixodidae (Acari) and species of Ixodes (Latreille) ticks established in California. Pan-Pac Entomol. 2008 Apr 01;84(2):121-142. doi: 10.3956/2007-38.1. PMID: 20027236; PMCID: PMC2795641.
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Pan-Pac Entomol. 2008 Apr 01;84(2):121-142. doi: 10.3956/2007-38.1.

Larval keys to the genera of Ixodidae (Acari) and species of Ixodes (Latreille) ticks established in California.

The Pan-Pacific entomologist

Joyce E Kleinjan, Robert S Lane

Affiliations

  1. Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720.

PMID: 20027236 PMCID: PMC2795641 DOI: 10.3956/2007-38.1

Abstract

In California, hard (Ixodidae) ticks transmit at least 8 zoonotic disease agents (1 virus, 6 bacteria, 1 protozoan) to humans or other animals. The correct taxonomic identification of all 3 parasitic stages (larvae, nymphs, adults) of ticks is integral to understanding host-tick associations and disease dynamics, but immature ticks, especially the larvae, can be difficult to identify. Here, we present larval keys to the 4 genera of Ixodidae (DermacentorKoch, 1844; HaemaphysalisKoch, 1844; IxodesLatreille, 1795; RhipicephalusKoch, 1844) and to the 18 species of Ixodes known to be established in California. Several new diagnostic features, as well as photographs of microscopic structures, are provided to facilitate identification. Non-exclusive characters are utilized to separate the subgenera IxodiopsisFilippova, 1957 and PholeoixodesSchulze, 1942.

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