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Kraemer HC. Epidemiological methods: about time. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2009;7(1):29-45doi: 10.3390/ijerph7010029.
Kraemer, H. C. (2010). Epidemiological methods: about time. International journal of environmental research and public health, 7(1), 29-45. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph7010029
Kraemer, Helena Chmura. "Epidemiological methods: about time." International journal of environmental research and public health vol. 7,1 (2010): 29-45. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph7010029
Kraemer HC. Epidemiological methods: about time. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2010 Jan;7(1):29-45. doi: 10.3390/ijerph7010029. Epub 2009 Dec 31. PMID: 20195431; PMCID: PMC2819774.
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Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2010 Jan;7(1):29-45. doi: 10.3390/ijerph7010029. Epub 2009 Dec 31.

Epidemiological methods: about time.

International journal of environmental research and public health

Helena Chmura Kraemer

Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, 1116 Forest Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94301, USA. [email protected]

PMID: 20195431 PMCID: PMC2819774 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph7010029

Abstract

Epidemiological studies often produce false positive results due to use of statistical approaches that either ignore or distort time. The three time-related issues of focus in this discussion are: (1) cross-sectional vs. cohort studies, (2) statistical significance vs. public health significance, and (3), how risk factors "work together" to impact public health significance. The issue of time should be central to all thinking in epidemiology research, affecting sampling, measurement, design, analysis and, perhaps most important, the interpretation of results that might influence clinical and public-health decision-making and subsequent clinical research.

Keywords: effect sizes; mediators; moderators; risk factors; statistical and clinical significance

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