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Biomed Opt Express. 2010 Nov 05;1(5):1320-1330. doi: 10.1364/BOE.1.001320.

Feasibility of using multiphoton excited tissue autofluorescence for in vivo human histopathology.

Biomedical optics express

Johanna M Dela Cruz, Jesse D McMullen, Rebecca M Williams, Warren R Zipfel

PMID: 21258552 PMCID: PMC3018110 DOI: 10.1364/BOE.1.001320

Abstract

Rapid and direct imaging of microscopic tissue morphology and pathology can be achieved by multiphoton imaging of intrinsic tissue fluorophores and second harmonic signals. Engineering parameters for developing this technology for clinical applications include excitation levels and collection efficiencies required to obtain diagnostic quality images from different tissue types and whether these levels are mutagenic. Here we provide data on typical average powers required for high signal-to-noise in vivo tissue imaging and assess the risk potential of these irradiance levels using a mammalian cell gene mutation assay. Exposure times of ~16 milliseconds per cell to 760 nm, ~200 fs raster-scanned laser irradiation delivered through a 0.75 NA objective produced negligible mutagenicity at powers up to about 50 mW.

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