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Sakuma K, Yamaguchi A. Sarcopenia and cachexia: the adaptations of negative regulators of skeletal muscle mass. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2012;3(2):77-94doi: 10.1007/s13539-011-0052-4.
Sakuma, K., & Yamaguchi, A. (2012). Sarcopenia and cachexia: the adaptations of negative regulators of skeletal muscle mass. Journal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle, 3(2), 77-94. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13539-011-0052-4
Sakuma, Kunihiro, and Yamaguchi, Akihiko. "Sarcopenia and cachexia: the adaptations of negative regulators of skeletal muscle mass." Journal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle vol. 3,2 (2012): 77-94. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13539-011-0052-4
Sakuma K, Yamaguchi A. Sarcopenia and cachexia: the adaptations of negative regulators of skeletal muscle mass. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2012 Jun;3(2):77-94. doi: 10.1007/s13539-011-0052-4. Epub 2012 Jan 12. PMID: 22476916; PMCID: PMC3374017.
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J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2012 Jun;3(2):77-94. doi: 10.1007/s13539-011-0052-4. Epub 2012 Jan 12.

Sarcopenia and cachexia: the adaptations of negative regulators of skeletal muscle mass.

Journal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle

Kunihiro Sakuma, Akihiko Yamaguchi

Affiliations

  1. Research Center for Physical Fitness, Sports and Health, Toyohashi University of Technology, 1-1 Hibarigaoka, Tenpaku-cho, Toyohashi, 441-8580, Japan, [email protected].

PMID: 22476916 PMCID: PMC3374017 DOI: 10.1007/s13539-011-0052-4

Abstract

Recent advances in our understanding of the biology of muscle, and how anabolic and catabolic stimuli interact to control muscle mass and function, have led to new interest in the pharmacological treatment of muscle wasting. Loss of muscle occurs as a consequence of several chronic diseases (cachexia) as well as normal aging (sarcopenia). Although many negative regulators [Atrogin-1, muscle ring finger-1, nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB), myostatin, etc.] have been proposed to enhance protein degradation during both sarcopenia and cachexia, the adaptation of mediators markedly differs among these conditions. Sarcopenic and cachectic muscles have been demonstrated to be abundant in myostatin- and apoptosis-linked molecules. The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) is activated during many different types of cachexia (cancer cachexia, cardiac heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), but not many mediators of the UPS change during sarcopenia. NF-κB signaling is activated in cachectic, but not in sarcopenic, muscle. Some studies have indicated a change of autophagic signaling during both sarcopenia and cachexia, but the adaptation remains to be elucidated. This review provides an overview of the adaptive changes in negative regulators of muscle mass in both sarcopenia and cachexia.

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