Display options
Share it on

Indian J Clin Biochem. 2008 Oct;23(4):307-27. doi: 10.1007/s12291-008-0071-x. Epub 2008 Dec 20.

The biochemical womb of schizophrenia: A review.

Indian journal of clinical biochemistry : IJCB

N Gaur, S Gautam, M Gaur, P Sharma, G Dadheech, S Mishra

Affiliations

  1. Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India.

PMID: 23105779 PMCID: PMC3453132 DOI: 10.1007/s12291-008-0071-x

Abstract

The conclusive identification of specific etiological factors or pathogenic processes in the illness of schizophrenia has remained elusive despite great technological progress. The convergence of state-of-art scientific studies in molecular genetics, molecular neuropathophysiology, in vivo brain imaging and psychopharmacology, however, indicates that we may be coming much closer to understanding the genesis of schizophrenia. In near future, the diagnosis and assessment of schizophrenia using biochemical markers may become a "dream come true" for the medical community as well as for the general population. An understanding of the biochemistry/ visa vis pathophysiology of schizophrenia is essential to the discovery of preventive measures and therapeutic intervention.

Keywords: Biochemical markers; Neurobiology; Schizophrenia

References

  1. Biol Psychiatry. 1991 Sep 1;30(5):475-82 - PubMed
  2. Behav Brain Res. 1997 Jan;82(2):195-202 - PubMed
  3. Neuropsychopharmacology. 1999 Jun;20(6):603-11 - PubMed
  4. Adv Pharmacol. 1995;32:461-503 - PubMed
  5. Schizophr Bull. 2007 May;33(3):635-41 - PubMed
  6. Amino Acids. 2007 Jan;32(1):101-8 - PubMed
  7. Brain Res Brain Res Rev. 1998 May;26(2-3):285-94 - PubMed
  8. Neuroscience. 1999;91(2):527-35 - PubMed
  9. Semin Clin Neuropsychiatry. 2003 Apr;8(2):94-108 - PubMed
  10. Biol Psychiatry. 1991 May 1;29(9):855-64 - PubMed
  11. Trends Neurosci. 1994 Dec;17(12):536-43 - PubMed
  12. Neuropsychobiology. 1992;25(1):1-7 - PubMed
  13. Schizophr Res. 1996 Mar;19(1):55-9 - PubMed
  14. Pain. 1992 Nov;51(2):249-253 - PubMed
  15. Science. 1986 Dec 19;234(4783):1558-63 - PubMed
  16. Science. 1999 Oct 1;286(5437):105-7 - PubMed
  17. Brain Res Brain Res Rev. 2003 Sep;43(1):70-84 - PubMed
  18. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1987 Jul;44(7):660-9 - PubMed
  19. Anal Chem. 2006 Jun 1;78(11):3571-6 - PubMed
  20. Biol Psychiatry. 1999 Sep 1;46(5):600-15 - PubMed
  21. Brain. 1999 Apr;122 ( Pt 4):593-624 - PubMed
  22. Neurosci Lett. 1983 Oct 10;40(3):245-50 - PubMed
  23. Brain Res Brain Res Rev. 2000 Mar;31(2-3):106-12 - PubMed
  24. Schizophr Res. 1998 Sep 7;33(1-2):87-94 - PubMed
  25. J Neurosci. 2003 Jul 16;23(15):6315-26 - PubMed
  26. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998 Dec 22;95(26):15718-23 - PubMed
  27. Int Rev Neurobiol. 2004;59:327-49 - PubMed
  28. Biol Psychiatry. 2007 Oct 1;62(7):711-21 - PubMed
  29. Trends Neurosci. 1999 Sep;22(9):410-6 - PubMed
  30. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998 Apr 28;95(9):5341-6 - PubMed
  31. Am J Psychiatry. 1992 Aug;149(8):1033-9 - PubMed
  32. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 Dec 7;101(49):17288-93 - PubMed
  33. Rev Esp Fisiol. 1972 Mar;28(1):39-41 - PubMed
  34. Schizophr Bull. 2001;27(3):457-76 - PubMed
  35. Am J Psychiatry. 2005 Sep;162(9):1736-8 - PubMed
  36. Biol Psychiatry. 1986 Dec;21(14):1407-14 - PubMed
  37. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997 May 27;94(11):5923-8 - PubMed
  38. Science. 1993 Oct 29;262(5134):689-95 - PubMed
  39. Harv Rev Psychiatry. 1996 Jan-Feb;3(5):241-53 - PubMed
  40. J Psychiatr Res. 1997 May-Jun;31(3):297-314 - PubMed
  41. Arch Neurol. 1997 Apr;54(4):465-73 - PubMed
  42. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1997 Winter;9(1):1-17 - PubMed
  43. Schizophr Res. 1997 Aug 29;26(2-3):227-33 - PubMed
  44. Cell. 1999 Aug 20;98(4):427-36 - PubMed
  45. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 1998 Jun;21(2):413-34 - PubMed
  46. Br J Psychiatry Suppl. 1999;(38):12-22 - PubMed
  47. J Chem Neuroanat. 2001 Jul;22(1-2):53-63 - PubMed
  48. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1989 Apr;9(2):110-5 - PubMed
  49. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1982;389:39-48 - PubMed
  50. J Physiol. 1992 Oct;456:215-45 - PubMed
  51. Neuroscience. 1991;41(1):1-24 - PubMed
  52. Science. 2004 Jun 25;304(5679):1926-9 - PubMed
  53. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2007 Jan;64(1):31-9 - PubMed
  54. Encephale. 1993 Sep-Oct;19(5):501-23 - PubMed
  55. Eur J Pharmacol. 1999 Dec 15;386(2-3):155-63 - PubMed
  56. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2004 Mar;7(1):1-8 - PubMed
  57. Brain Res Dev Brain Res. 1993 Jul 16;74(1):73-82 - PubMed
  58. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2007 Oct;32(10):2074-86 - PubMed
  59. J Neurosci. 1988 Jan;8(1):185-96 - PubMed
  60. Schizophr Bull. 1998;24(2):219-30 - PubMed
  61. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2002 Jun;26(5):935-8 - PubMed
  62. Brain Res. 1997 Aug 15;765(2):238-46 - PubMed
  63. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2002 Mar;26(3):368-75 - PubMed
  64. Brain Res Brain Res Rev. 2001 Nov;37(1-3):81-90 - PubMed
  65. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1997 May;54(5):443-9 - PubMed
  66. Can J Psychiatry. 2005 Oct;50(11):695-702 - PubMed
  67. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1997;247(4):228-33 - PubMed
  68. Psychiatry Res. 1995 Aug 8;61(2):67-83 - PubMed
  69. Schizophr Res. 2002 Apr 1;54(3):281-91 - PubMed
  70. Neuron. 2000 Nov;28(2):325-34 - PubMed
  71. Biol Psychiatry. 1998 May 1;43(9):641-8 - PubMed
  72. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2003 Oct;27(7):1159-72 - PubMed
  73. Neuropsychopharmacology. 1999 Jun;20(6):612-27 - PubMed
  74. Schizophr Res. 2002 Oct 1;57(2-3):247-58 - PubMed
  75. Int Rev Neurobiol. 2001;46:461-77 - PubMed
  76. Am J Psychiatry. 1991 Oct;148(10):1301-8 - PubMed
  77. J Neural Transm Gen Sect. 1993;93(1):11-25 - PubMed
  78. J Neurosci. 1994 Aug;14(8):4839-46 - PubMed
  79. J Neural Transm (Vienna). 1997;104(8-9):887-94 - PubMed
  80. Nature. 1997 Feb 13;385(6617):634-6 - PubMed
  81. Nature. 1966 Oct 22;212(5060):399-400 - PubMed
  82. Mol Interv. 2003 Feb;3(1):27-39 - PubMed
  83. Am J Psychiatry. 1998 Jul;155(7):979-81 - PubMed
  84. J Psychiatr Res. 2000 Jan-Feb;34(1):35-43 - PubMed
  85. Brain Res Mol Brain Res. 1998 May;56(1-2):207-17 - PubMed
  86. J Neuroimmunol. 2002 Dec;133(1-2):1-19 - PubMed
  87. Schizophr Res. 1994 Dec;14(1):15-22 - PubMed
  88. Biol Psychiatry. 1998 Sep 15;44(6):382-98 - PubMed
  89. Science. 1975 Jun 20;188(4194):1217-9 - PubMed
  90. Brain Res. 2002 Oct 4;951(2):166-76 - PubMed
  91. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1993;112(1 Suppl):S90-4 - PubMed
  92. Mol Psychiatry. 2000 Nov;5(6):594-603 - PubMed
  93. Regul Pept. 1991 Oct 29;36(2):153-64 - PubMed
  94. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2004 Jun;174(1):143-50 - PubMed
  95. Actas Esp Psiquiatr. 2007 Jul-Aug;35(4):249-52 - PubMed
  96. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1992 Jul;49(7):538-44 - PubMed
  97. Neuropsychopharmacology. 1995 Feb;12(1):39-45 - PubMed
  98. Exp Neurol. 1998 Feb;149(2):424-32 - PubMed
  99. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1988 Aug;78(2):121-37 - PubMed
  100. Biol Psychiatry. 1999 Jul 1;46(1):56-72 - PubMed
  101. Biol Psychiatry. 2001 Dec 1;50(11):825-44 - PubMed
  102. Life Sci. 1991;48(4):355-63 - PubMed
  103. Schizophr Bull. 1988;14(2):297-315 - PubMed
  104. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2001 Jul;25(1):1-27 - PubMed
  105. J Neurochem. 2000 Aug;75(2):443-52 - PubMed
  106. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2005 Aug;30(8):1532-8 - PubMed
  107. Biol Psychiatry. 1998 Dec 1;44(11):1099-117 - PubMed
  108. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1997 Mar;54(3):225-32 - PubMed
  109. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1993 Jul;50(7):541-50 - PubMed
  110. J Clin Psychiatry. 2004 Jul;65(7):940-7 - PubMed
  111. Neurobiol Dis. 1997;4(3-4):231-8 - PubMed
  112. Biol Psychiatry. 1988 Sep;24(5):555-68 - PubMed
  113. Can J Psychiatry. 1990 Mar;35(2):128-32 - PubMed
  114. Am J Psychiatry. 2005 Sep;162(9):1738-40 - PubMed
  115. Lancet. 1991 Feb 23;337(8739):450-2 - PubMed
  116. J Neurosci. 2005 Dec 14;25(50):11748-56 - PubMed
  117. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2005 Sep;29(7):1175-80 - PubMed
  118. Brain Res Brain Res Rev. 2000 Mar;31(2-3):342-9 - PubMed
  119. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2001 Oct;25(4):489-97 - PubMed
  120. Mol Psychiatry. 2000 Mar;5(2):150-8 - PubMed
  121. Am J Psychiatry. 2001 Sep;158(9):1367-77 - PubMed
  122. J Neurosci. 1997 Apr 15;17(8):2921-7 - PubMed
  123. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2004 Aug;14(4):267-73 - PubMed
  124. Schizophr Res. 1998 Jun 22;32(1):9-15 - PubMed
  125. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1997 Jul;54(7):660-9 - PubMed
  126. J Neurochem. 1989 Jun;52(6):1781-6 - PubMed
  127. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998 Aug 18;95(17):9991-6 - PubMed
  128. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1992 Sep 30;669:360-2 - PubMed
  129. FASEB J. 1992 Mar;6(6):2311-22 - PubMed
  130. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2003 Feb;60(2):133-41 - PubMed
  131. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1993 Oct;50(10):810-8 - PubMed
  132. Neuropharmacology. 1999 Aug;38(8):1175-84 - PubMed
  133. Biol Psychiatry. 1998 Feb 15;43(4):239-43 - PubMed
  134. Biol Psychiatry. 1996 Jun 1;39(11):911-8 - PubMed
  135. Schizophr Res. 1988 Nov-Dec;1(6):405-10 - PubMed
  136. Curr Opin Neurobiol. 1997 Oct;7(5):701-7 - PubMed
  137. Brain Res. 2001 Mar 16;894(2):167-80 - PubMed
  138. Schizophr Res. 2002 Nov 1;58(1):69-74 - PubMed
  139. J Neurosci. 2000 Sep 15;20(18):6920-6 - PubMed
  140. Neuropsychopharmacology. 1999 Mar;20(3):201-25 - PubMed
  141. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2000 Nov;57(11):1061-9 - PubMed
  142. Neurochem Int. 2002 Oct;41(4):209-16 - PubMed
  143. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001 Jun 5;98(12):6917-22 - PubMed
  144. Am J Psychiatry. 2000 May;157(5):683-94 - PubMed
  145. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1990 May;253(2):803-11 - PubMed
  146. Biol Psychiatry. 2003 Jun 15;53(12):1138-41 - PubMed
  147. Schweiz Med Wochenschr. 1956 Nov 17;86(46):1304-6 - PubMed
  148. Cereb Cortex. 2008 Jul;18(7):1575-87 - PubMed
  149. Neuropsychopharmacology. 1990 Oct-Dec;3(5-6):509-17 - PubMed
  150. Psychiatry Res. 1996 Oct 16;64(3):147-59 - PubMed
  151. Nat Med. 1996 Dec;2(12):1382-5 - PubMed
  152. Eur J Pharmacol. 1979 Jun 15;56(3):225-36 - PubMed
  153. Neuropsychopharmacology. 1988 Sep;1(3):179-86 - PubMed
  154. J Neurosci. 2003 Aug 13;23(19):7407-11 - PubMed
  155. Eur Psychiatry. 1999 Apr;14(2):67-70 - PubMed
  156. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2001 Dec;159(1):105-10 - PubMed
  157. Biochem Pharmacol. 2004 Oct 15;68(8):1507-14 - PubMed
  158. Biol Psychiatry. 1996 Jun 1;39(11):919-28 - PubMed
  159. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2003 Jun;60(6):572-6 - PubMed
  160. Lancet. 1993 Jan 16;341(8838):148-9 - PubMed
  161. Biol Psychiatry. 1995 Apr 15;37(8):546-9 - PubMed
  162. Lancet. 1995 Sep 16;346(8977):743-9 - PubMed
  163. Life Sci. 1990;47(18):1609-15 - PubMed
  164. Synapse. 1998 Jun;29(2):142-7 - PubMed
  165. J Recept Res. 1988;8(1-4):59-81 - PubMed
  166. FASEB J. 1999 Sep;13(12):1523-31 - PubMed
  167. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2002 Jan;26(1):33-9 - PubMed
  168. BMC Med Genet. 2005 Feb 11;6:7 - PubMed
  169. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1975 Jun;32(6):717-21 - PubMed
  170. J Neural Transm Gen Sect. 1991;85(1):19-29 - PubMed
  171. Br J Psychiatry. 1996 May;168(5):571-9 - PubMed
  172. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1995 Feb;15(1 Suppl 1):11S-18S - PubMed
  173. Neuroreport. 1996 Aug 12;7(12):2051-5 - PubMed
  174. Neuropsychopharmacology. 1993 Feb;8(2):97-109 - PubMed
  175. Science. 1961 Jan 13;133(3446):104-5 - PubMed
  176. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2004 Sep;29(9):1597-609 - PubMed
  177. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 1998 Jan;22(1):1-33 - PubMed
  178. Ann Pharmacother. 2003 Mar;37(3):384-7 - PubMed
  179. Biol Psychiatry. 2000 Dec 15;48(12):1121-32 - PubMed
  180. Eur J Pharmacol. 1996 Dec 30;318(2-3):221-9 - PubMed
  181. Neuropsychobiology. 2007;56(2-3):55-63 - PubMed
  182. Mol Psychiatry. 2002;7(8):837-44 - PubMed
  183. BMC Psychiatry. 2007 Sep 06;7:46 - PubMed
  184. J Clin Psychiatry. 1999;60 Suppl 1:4-6; discussion 28-30 - PubMed
  185. J Psychiatr Res. 1997 Mar-Apr;31(2):233-56 - PubMed
  186. Science. 1971 Mar 12;171(3975):1032-6 - PubMed
  187. Psychiatry Res. 2000 Sep 25;96(1):41-50 - PubMed
  188. Psychiatry Res. 1989 Apr;28(1):97-104 - PubMed
  189. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2005 Apr;6(4):312-24 - PubMed
  190. Brain Res Brain Res Rev. 1999 Apr;29(2-3):250-64 - PubMed
  191. Lancet. 1996 Sep 7;348(9028):692-3 - PubMed
  192. Biol Psychiatry. 2001 Dec 1;50(11):856-72 - PubMed
  193. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2002 Oct;27(4):629-37 - PubMed
  194. Brain Res Brain Res Rev. 2000 Mar;31(2-3):371-84 - PubMed
  195. Schizophr Bull. 1995;21(1):53-66 - PubMed
  196. Cereb Cortex. 2003 Dec;13(12):1369-74 - PubMed
  197. J Neurosci Res. 1997 Sep 1;49(5):639-44 - PubMed
  198. Life Sci. 1993;53(1):63-75 - PubMed
  199. Psychol Rev. 1997 Oct;104(4):667-85 - PubMed
  200. Biol Psychiatry. 1972 Jun;4(3):231-8 - PubMed
  201. Neuropsychopharmacology. 1999 Aug;21(2 Suppl):106S-115S - PubMed
  202. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996 Nov 26;93(24):14182-7 - PubMed
  203. Br J Psychiatry. 1994 Jan;164(1):16-26 - PubMed
  204. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2005 Jul;180(2):191-205 - PubMed
  205. Science. 1974 Jun 21;184(4143):1243-53 - PubMed
  206. Nature. 1993 Sep 30;365(6445):441-5 - PubMed
  207. Am J Psychiatry. 2002 Jun;159(6):1029-34 - PubMed
  208. Schizophr Res. 1997 Oct 30;27(2-3):157-68 - PubMed
  209. Cell Mol Neurobiol. 2002 Jun;22(3):239-47 - PubMed
  210. Neuroscience. 1997 May;78(1):99-110 - PubMed
  211. Psychol Med Monogr Suppl. 1992;20:1-97 - PubMed
  212. Biol Psychiatry. 1991 May 15;29(10):953-64 - PubMed

Publication Types