Display options
Cite
Crawley L, Zamir SM, Cordeiro MF, et al. Clinical options for the reduction of elevated intraocular pressure. Ophthalmol Eye Dis. 2012;4:43-64doi: 10.4137/OED.S4909.
Crawley, L., Zamir, S. M., Cordeiro, M. F., & Guo, L. (2012). Clinical options for the reduction of elevated intraocular pressure. Ophthalmology and eye diseases, 443-64. https://doi.org/10.4137/OED.S4909
Crawley, Laura, et al. "Clinical options for the reduction of elevated intraocular pressure." Ophthalmology and eye diseases vol. 4 (2012): 43-64. doi: https://doi.org/10.4137/OED.S4909
Crawley L, Zamir SM, Cordeiro MF, Guo L. Clinical options for the reduction of elevated intraocular pressure. Ophthalmol Eye Dis. 2012 Apr 30;4:43-64. doi: 10.4137/OED.S4909. Print 2012. PMID: 23650457; PMCID: PMC3619493.
Copy Download .nbib Format: NLM
Share it on

Ophthalmol Eye Dis. 2012 Apr 30;4:43-64. doi: 10.4137/OED.S4909. Print 2012.

Clinical options for the reduction of elevated intraocular pressure.

Ophthalmology and eye diseases

Laura Crawley, Sohaib M Zamir, Maria F Cordeiro, Li Guo

Affiliations

  1. Western Eye Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom.

PMID: 23650457 PMCID: PMC3619493 DOI: 10.4137/OED.S4909

Abstract

Elevated IOP in clinical practice is usually seen in glaucoma or ocular hypertension. Glaucoma affects 60 million people worldwide and 8.4 million are bilaterally blind from this chronic disease.1 Options for reducing IOP rely on pharmacological agents, laser treatments and surgery which may be penetrating or non-penetrating. The last twenty years has seen significant changes in all of these strategies. This review aims to cover these clinical options and introduce some of the new technologies currently in development for the clinical lowering of IOP.

Keywords: glaucoma; laser; ocular hypertension; pharmacological agents; reducing IOP; surgery

References

  1. Curr Med Res Opin. 2008 Oct;24(10):2905-18 - PubMed
  2. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2001 Apr;27(4):507-17 - PubMed
  3. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2007 Mar;18(2):152-8 - PubMed
  4. Arch Ophthalmol. 1973 Jul;90(1):27-8 - PubMed
  5. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 1998 Aug;236(8):593-6 - PubMed
  6. Adv Ther. 2007 Jan-Feb;24(1):161-70 - PubMed
  7. Jpn J Ophthalmol. 1993;37(4):514-25 - PubMed
  8. Arch Ophthalmol. 1993 Oct;111(10):1351-8 - PubMed
  9. Ophthalmology. 2007 May;114(5):909-14 - PubMed
  10. Ophthalmologica. 2003 Jul-Aug;217(4):279-83 - PubMed
  11. Am J Ophthalmol. 1982 Feb;93(2):232-7 - PubMed
  12. Ophthalmology. 2011 Nov;118(11):2296-302 - PubMed
  13. Am J Ophthalmol. 2011 May;151(5):742-744.e1 - PubMed
  14. Ophthalmic Surg. 1989 Aug;20(8):547-51 - PubMed
  15. Arch Ophthalmol. 1988 Apr;106(4):544-7 - PubMed
  16. Ophthalmic Surg. 1984 Jan;15(1):41-3 - PubMed
  17. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2007 Jan-Feb;17(1):53-62 - PubMed
  18. Arch Ophthalmol. 1988 Jul;106(7):912-5 - PubMed
  19. J Glaucoma. 2004 Jun;13(3):221-6 - PubMed
  20. Ophthalmology. 2003 Mar;110(3):609-14 - PubMed
  21. Ophthalmology. 1990 Jul;97(7):910-7 - PubMed
  22. Int Ophthalmol. 1996-1997;20(1-3):131-40 - PubMed
  23. Surv Ophthalmol. 1997 Feb;41 Suppl 2:S105-10 - PubMed
  24. J Glaucoma. 2008 Apr-May;17(3):238-47 - PubMed
  25. Curr Eye Res. 2008 Apr;33(4):303-12 - PubMed
  26. J Glaucoma. 1998 Aug;7(4):240-6 - PubMed
  27. Lancet. 2011 Apr 16;377(9774):1367-77 - PubMed
  28. Can J Ophthalmol. 2002 Feb;37(1):21-6 - PubMed
  29. Br J Ophthalmol. 1999 Mar;83(3):311-6 - PubMed
  30. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. 2006;104:40-50 - PubMed
  31. Ophthalmology. 1995 Dec;102(12):1777-81 - PubMed
  32. Surv Ophthalmol. 1997 Feb;41 Suppl 2:S69-75 - PubMed
  33. Am J Ophthalmol. 1998 Nov;126(5):640-7 - PubMed
  34. Ophthalmology. 1995 Sep;102(9):1312-8 - PubMed
  35. Ophthalmology. 1996 Jan;103(1):138-47 - PubMed
  36. Eye (Lond). 2008 Nov;22(11):1391-7 - PubMed
  37. Ophthalmology. 1996 Aug;103(8):1294-302 - PubMed
  38. Br J Ophthalmol. 2003 May;87(5):599-603 - PubMed
  39. Adv Ther. 2008 May;25(5):453-64 - PubMed
  40. Physiol Rev. 1975 Jul;55(3):383-417 - PubMed
  41. Br J Ophthalmol. 2002 Jul;86(7):748-54 - PubMed
  42. Br J Ophthalmol. 2003 Jan;87(1):57-62 - PubMed
  43. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2008 Aug;46(8):400-6 - PubMed
  44. Surv Ophthalmol. 2002 Aug;47 Suppl 1:S53-64 - PubMed
  45. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2004 Jun;30(6):1232-9 - PubMed
  46. Ophthalmology. 1997 Sep;104(9):1508-19; discussion 1519-20 - PubMed
  47. Am J Ophthalmol. 1997 Dec;124(6):787-96 - PubMed
  48. Arch Ophthalmol. 2004 Dec;122(12):1826-38 - PubMed
  49. Am J Ophthalmol. 2001 Oct;132(4):472-84 - PubMed
  50. Br J Ophthalmol. 2002 Dec;86(12):1434-8 - PubMed
  51. Am J Ophthalmol. 2003 Jan;135(1):55-63 - PubMed
  52. J Cataract Refract Surg. 1999 Mar;25(3):316-22 - PubMed
  53. Ophthalmology. 2001 Feb;108(2):259-63 - PubMed
  54. Br J Ophthalmol. 2011 Nov;95(11):1537-41 - PubMed
  55. Br J Ophthalmol. 2006 Mar;90(3):310-3 - PubMed
  56. J Glaucoma. 2002 Jun;11(3):214-20 - PubMed
  57. Eye (Lond). 2008 Jan;22(1):3-7 - PubMed
  58. Surv Ophthalmol. 2008 Nov;53 Suppl1:S69-84 - PubMed
  59. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2012 Jan;250(1):143-9 - PubMed
  60. Expert Opin Drug Deliv. 2010 Aug;7(8):943-53 - PubMed
  61. Ophthalmology. 2001 Nov;108(11):1943-53 - PubMed
  62. Arch Ophthalmol. 1986 Jul;104(7):1078-83 - PubMed
  63. Ophthalmology. 1994 Oct;101(10):1651-6; discussion 1657 - PubMed
  64. Ophthalmology. 1991 Jul;98(7):1061-5 - PubMed
  65. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2006 Oct;244(10):1293-9 - PubMed
  66. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2005 Apr;16(2):107-13 - PubMed
  67. Semin Ophthalmol. 2011 Jul-Sep;26(4-5):285-9 - PubMed
  68. Br J Ophthalmol. 2003 Oct;87(10):1252-7 - PubMed
  69. Am J Ophthalmol. 1998 Oct;126(4):487-97 - PubMed
  70. Am J Ophthalmol. 1995 Dec;120(6):718-31 - PubMed
  71. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging. 2004 Jan-Feb;35(1):6-12 - PubMed
  72. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging. 2009 May-Jun;40(3):264-9 - PubMed
  73. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2004 Nov;30(11):2391-6 - PubMed
  74. Acta Ophthalmol. 2011 Dec;89(8):749-54 - PubMed
  75. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007 Oct 17;(4):CD003919 - PubMed
  76. Am J Ophthalmol. 2001 Jan;131(1):19-24 - PubMed
  77. Am J Ophthalmol. 2000 Oct;130(4):429-40 - PubMed
  78. Surv Ophthalmol. 2002 Jan-Feb;47(1):63-73 - PubMed
  79. J Glaucoma. 2001 Oct;10(5):414-22 - PubMed
  80. Ophthalmic Surg. 1989 Oct;20(10):702-6 - PubMed
  81. Surv Ophthalmol. 2002 Aug;47 Suppl 1:S97-104 - PubMed
  82. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2005 Mar-Apr;15(2):202-8 - PubMed
  83. Arch Ophthalmol. 1979 Feb;97(2):319-22 - PubMed
  84. Ophthalmology. 2008 Jun;115(6):1089-98 - PubMed
  85. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006 Apr 19;(2):CD004918 - PubMed
  86. Surv Ophthalmol. 1996 Nov;41 Suppl 1:S27-37 - PubMed
  87. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2000 Apr-Jun;10(2):95-104 - PubMed
  88. Ophthalmology. 1998 Oct;105(10):1945-51 - PubMed
  89. Ophthalmology. 1987 Sep;94(9):1085-9 - PubMed
  90. Ophthalmology. 2010 Nov;117(11):2067-74.e1-6 - PubMed
  91. Br J Ophthalmol. 1999 Jan;83(1):29-32 - PubMed
  92. J Glaucoma. 2005 Oct;14(5):400-8 - PubMed
  93. Ophthalmology. 2002 Sep;109(9):1612-21 - PubMed
  94. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. 1994;92:271-83; discussion 283-7 - PubMed
  95. Ophthalmology. 2007 Nov;114(11):1965-72 - PubMed
  96. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging. 2003 Nov-Dec;34(6):457-63 - PubMed
  97. Am J Ophthalmol. 2002 Dec;134(6):863-71 - PubMed
  98. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2010 Feb;67(3):405-17 - PubMed
  99. Arch Ophthalmol. 2001 Mar;119(3):345-50 - PubMed
  100. Surv Ophthalmol. 2008 Nov-Dec;53(6):592-630 - PubMed
  101. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2006 Jun;244(6):670-6 - PubMed
  102. Am J Ophthalmol. 2001 May;131(5):636-42 - PubMed
  103. Arch Ophthalmol. 1997 Jul;115(7):847-52 - PubMed
  104. Clin Ophthalmol. 2008 Jun;2(2):247-52 - PubMed
  105. Br J Ophthalmol. 1998 Nov;82(11):1249-53 - PubMed
  106. Ophthalmology. 1998 Oct;105(10):1952-9 - PubMed
  107. Coll Antropol. 2001;25 Suppl:111-5 - PubMed
  108. Arch Ophthalmol. 2003 Jan;121(1):48-56 - PubMed
  109. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2002 Jun;240(6):430-5 - PubMed
  110. J Glaucoma. 2000 Oct;9(5):343-5 - PubMed
  111. J Glaucoma. 2002 Aug;11(4):329-33 - PubMed
  112. Vestn Oftalmol. 1964 Mar-Apr;77:37-41 - PubMed
  113. Eye (Lond). 2012 Jan;26(1):80-7 - PubMed
  114. Surv Ophthalmol. 1999 Mar-Apr;43(5):466-8 - PubMed
  115. J Glaucoma. 1997 Dec;6(6):430-2 - PubMed
  116. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2005 Sep-Oct;15(5):581-90 - PubMed
  117. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2010 Mar;21(2):123-8 - PubMed
  118. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2007 Sep;48(9):4107-15 - PubMed
  119. Can J Ophthalmol. 1971 Jan;6(1):9-13 - PubMed
  120. Ophthalmology. 2001 Jun;108(6):1023-31; discussion 1032 - PubMed
  121. Ophthalmologica. 2004 Jan-Feb;218(1):20-5 - PubMed
  122. Trans Am Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol. 1972 Mar-Apr;76(2):423-36 - PubMed
  123. Exp Eye Res. 2011 Sep;93(3):265-70 - PubMed
  124. Ann Ophthalmol (Skokie). 2008 Spring;40(1):8-14 - PubMed
  125. Exp Eye Res. 2004 Apr;78(4):767-76 - PubMed
  126. J Glaucoma. 2004 Dec;13(6):500-6 - PubMed
  127. Nippon Ganka Gakkai Zasshi. 2000 Mar;104(3):160-4 - PubMed
  128. Can J Ophthalmol. 2006 Aug;41(4):449-56 - PubMed
  129. Am J Ophthalmol. 1998 Aug;126(2):185-90 - PubMed
  130. Exp Eye Res. 1995 Apr;60(4):359-71 - PubMed
  131. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1999 Jan;40(1):65-73 - PubMed
  132. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2008 Jul;34(7):1096-103 - PubMed
  133. Ophthalmology. 2001 Apr;108(4):773-9 - PubMed
  134. Bull Soc Belge Ophtalmol. 2008;(308):21-8 - PubMed
  135. Exp Eye Res. 2011 Sep;93(3):271-83 - PubMed
  136. Drugs Aging. 2005;22(1):1-21 - PubMed
  137. Surv Ophthalmol. 2002 Aug;47 Suppl 1:S133-40 - PubMed
  138. Ophthalmology. 2002 May;109(5):998-1008 - PubMed
  139. Arch Ophthalmol. 1985 Oct;103(10):1546-52 - PubMed
  140. Arch Ophthalmol. 1961 Aug;66:219-25 - PubMed
  141. J Glaucoma. 2002 Aug;11(4):287-93 - PubMed
  142. Trans Ophthalmol Soc U K. 1986;105 ( Pt 6):653-6 - PubMed
  143. Surv Ophthalmol. 2002 Aug;47 Suppl 1:S116-24 - PubMed
  144. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2000 May;26(5):695-701 - PubMed
  145. Ophthalmology. 2007 Dec;114(12):2265-70 - PubMed
  146. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2002 Nov;240(11):893-9 - PubMed
  147. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2002 Jul-Aug;12(4):287-92 - PubMed
  148. Am J Ophthalmol. 2003 May;135(5):688-703 - PubMed
  149. Ophthalmology. 2011 Jul;118(7):1466-80 - PubMed
  150. Am J Ophthalmol. 1968 Oct;66(4):673-9 - PubMed
  151. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2007 Nov;33(11):1946-52 - PubMed
  152. Br J Ophthalmol. 2004 Aug;88(8):1012-7 - PubMed
  153. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2000 Sep;238(9):792-6 - PubMed
  154. Arch Ophthalmol. 1995 Mar;113(3):293-6 - PubMed
  155. Ophthalmology. 1992 Mar;99(3):430-6; discussion 437 - PubMed
  156. Am J Ophthalmol. 1958 Nov;46(5 Part 1):731-6 - PubMed
  157. Am J Ophthalmol. 2004 Dec;138(6):1049-51 - PubMed
  158. J Cataract Refract Surg. 1999 Mar;25(3):323-31 - PubMed
  159. Ophthalmology. 2004 Jun;111(6):1071-6 - PubMed
  160. Am J Ophthalmol. 2001 Aug;132(2):221-8 - PubMed
  161. Eye (Lond). 2005 Mar;19(3):298-302 - PubMed
  162. Arch Ophthalmol. 1987 Aug;105(8):1112-6 - PubMed
  163. Am J Ophthalmol. 1991 Jul 15;112(1):50-5 - PubMed
  164. Ophthalmology. 1988 Sep;95(9):1212-6 - PubMed
  165. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers. 2000 Sep-Oct;31(5):394-9 - PubMed
  166. Eye (Lond). 2000 Jun;14 ( Pt 3B):531-5 - PubMed
  167. Arch Ophthalmol. 2010 Mar;128(3):276-87 - PubMed
  168. J Glaucoma. 2005 Jun;14(3):239-42 - PubMed
  169. Arch Ophthalmol. 2009 Mar;127(3):264-9 - PubMed
  170. Ophthalmology. 1992 Jul;99(7):1089-94; discussion 1095 - PubMed
  171. Ophthalmology. 1995 Dec;102(12):1743-52 - PubMed
  172. Ophthalmology. 1990 May;97(5):571-80 - PubMed
  173. Ophthalmology. 2004 Nov;111(11):2137-43 - PubMed
  174. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2004 Oct;30(10):2050-7 - PubMed
  175. Arch Ophthalmol. 1990 Nov;108(11):1543-8 - PubMed
  176. Am J Ophthalmol. 2008 Jan;145(1):114-9 - PubMed
  177. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2008 Mar;34(3):433-40 - PubMed
  178. Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2004 Aug;32(4):368-72 - PubMed
  179. Am J Ophthalmol. 1999 May;127(5):602-4 - PubMed
  180. Surv Ophthalmol. 2001 May;45 Suppl 4:S361-8 - PubMed
  181. Br J Ophthalmol. 2002 Feb;86(2):238-42 - PubMed
  182. Ophthalmology. 1997 Nov;104(11):1921-5 - PubMed
  183. Am J Ophthalmol. 2011 Apr;151(4):671-81 - PubMed
  184. Ophthalmology. 1996 Jan;103(1):126-37 - PubMed
  185. Ophthalmol Clin North Am. 2005 Sep;18(3):409-19, vi - PubMed
  186. Am J Ophthalmol. 1991 Dec 15;112(6):671-7 - PubMed
  187. Arch Ophthalmol. 2006 Sep;124(9):1230-8 - PubMed
  188. Ophthalmology. 2004 Apr;111(4):651-64 - PubMed
  189. Ophthalmology. 2000 Sep;107(9):1671-4 - PubMed
  190. Eye (Lond). 2006 Mar;20(3):329-35 - PubMed
  191. Br J Ophthalmol. 2006 Jun;90(6):741-3 - PubMed
  192. Br J Ophthalmol. 2005 Apr;89(4):425-9 - PubMed
  193. Br J Ophthalmol. 1968 Feb;52(2):157-61 - PubMed
  194. Am J Ophthalmol. 1999 Sep;128(3):301-9 - PubMed
  195. Trans Ophthalmol Soc U K. 1983;103 ( Pt 1):84-8 - PubMed
  196. Arch Ophthalmol. 2003 Jul;121(7):957-60 - PubMed
  197. Am J Ophthalmol. 2005 Jul;140(1):1-7 - PubMed
  198. J Glaucoma. 2008 Apr-May;17(3):211-6 - PubMed
  199. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001;(3):CD001132 - PubMed
  200. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2004 Jan-Feb;14(1):26-36 - PubMed
  201. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2007 Mar;18(2):140-5 - PubMed
  202. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2001 Aug;27(8):1294-7 - PubMed
  203. Am J Ophthalmol. 2002 Jan;133(1):1-10 - PubMed
  204. J Glaucoma. 2005 Apr;14(2):98-102 - PubMed
  205. Ophthalmology. 1984 Sep;91(9):1005-10 - PubMed
  206. Br J Ophthalmol. 2004 Jan;88(1):95-8 - PubMed
  207. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2009 May;35(5):814-24 - PubMed
  208. Br J Ophthalmol. 2005 Jun;89(6):758-63 - PubMed
  209. Ophthalmology. 1992 Oct;99(10):1512-9 - PubMed
  210. Klin Monbl Augenheilkd. 1973 Apr;162(4):437-50 - PubMed
  211. Ophthalmology. 1998 Feb;105(2):263-8 - PubMed
  212. Am J Ophthalmol. 2004 Sep;138(3 Suppl):S19-31 - PubMed
  213. Ophthalmologica. 2006;220(5):285-90 - PubMed
  214. Eye (Lond). 2005 Apr;19(4):442-50 - PubMed
  215. Arch Ophthalmol. 2002 Jun;120(6):701-13; discussion 829-30 - PubMed
  216. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2006 Dec;47(12):5153-62 - PubMed
  217. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2007 Jul;33(7):1217-26 - PubMed
  218. Eye (Lond). 2007 Jul;21(7):936-40 - PubMed
  219. Surv Ophthalmol. 2008 Nov;53 Suppl1:S107-20 - PubMed
  220. Vestn Oftalmol. 1972;3:27-31 - PubMed
  221. Br J Ophthalmol. 2004 Feb;88(2):199-203 - PubMed
  222. Eye (Lond). 2005 May;19(5):555-60 - PubMed
  223. Am J Ophthalmol. 1988 Sep 15;106(3):312-21 - PubMed
  224. Surv Ophthalmol. 2005 Jan-Feb;50(1):48-60 - PubMed
  225. Ophthalmology. 1990 Nov;97(11):1403-13 - PubMed
  226. J Fr Ophtalmol. 2002 May;25(5):527-36 - PubMed
  227. Ophthalmology. 2003 May;110(5):882-7 - PubMed
  228. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1987 Mar;28(3):477-81 - PubMed
  229. Ann Ophthalmol (Skokie). 2006 Fall;38(3):213-7 - PubMed
  230. Ophthalmology. 1993 Nov;100(11):1614-8 - PubMed
  231. Am J Ophthalmol. 2002 Oct;134(4):499-512 - PubMed
  232. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2002 Sep;240(9):698-703 - PubMed
  233. J Glaucoma. 2005 Apr;14(2):114-9 - PubMed
  234. J Glaucoma. 2007 Jan;16(1):14-9 - PubMed
  235. Ophthalmology. 2005 Jul;112(7):1177-85 - PubMed
  236. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. 2007 Aug;23(4):359-65 - PubMed
  237. Ophthalmology. 2003 Mar;110(3):615-24 - PubMed
  238. Ophthalmology. 1991 Mar;98(3):317-21 - PubMed
  239. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005 Apr 18;(2):CD004399 - PubMed
  240. Eye (Lond). 2001 Apr;15(Pt 2):197-201 - PubMed
  241. Cesk Slov Oftalmol. 2004 Jul;60(4):267-74 - PubMed
  242. Ophthalmic Surg. 1991 May;22(5):279-83 - PubMed
  243. Ophthalmology. 1998 Nov;105(11):2082-8; discussion 2089-90 - PubMed
  244. J Glaucoma. 2001 Oct;10(5 Suppl 1):S81-4 - PubMed
  245. J Glaucoma. 2006 Apr;15(2):124-30 - PubMed
  246. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. 1987;85:368-92 - PubMed
  247. Arch Ophthalmol. 2002 Oct;120(10):1286-93 - PubMed
  248. Arch Ophthalmol. 2002 Oct;120(10):1268-79 - PubMed
  249. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2001 Jan;296(1):216-23 - PubMed
  250. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005 Oct 19;(4):CD002897 - PubMed
  251. Ophthalmology. 2005 Jun;112(6):962-7 - PubMed
  252. J Glaucoma. 2002 Jun;11(3):244-52 - PubMed
  253. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2009 May-Jun;19(3):393-9 - PubMed
  254. Acta Ophthalmol Scand. 2000 Oct;78(5):604-5 - PubMed
  255. Cardiovasc Drug Rev. 2006 Spring;24(1):1-10 - PubMed
  256. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2007 Jul-Aug;17(4):521-7 - PubMed
  257. Drugs Aging. 1998 Mar;12(3):225-41 - PubMed
  258. Nippon Ganka Gakkai Zasshi. 1999 Aug;103(8):612-6 - PubMed
  259. Acta Ophthalmol. 2008 Nov;86(7):716-26 - PubMed
  260. Br J Ophthalmol. 1990 Dec;74(12):743-7 - PubMed
  261. J Glaucoma. 2005 Oct;14(5):392-9 - PubMed
  262. Surv Ophthalmol. 1997 Feb;41 Suppl 2:S129-38 - PubMed
  263. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009 Apr 15;(2):CD003433 - PubMed

Publication Types