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Hickman JR, McBain DC, Armstrong VC. The contribution of drinking water to exposure to toxic substances in Canada. Environ Monit Assess. 1982;2(1):71-83doi: 10.1007/BF00399156.
Hickman, J. R., McBain, D. C., & Armstrong, V. C. (1982). The contribution of drinking water to exposure to toxic substances in Canada. Environmental monitoring and assessment, 2(1), 71-83. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00399156
Hickman, J R, et al. "The contribution of drinking water to exposure to toxic substances in Canada." Environmental monitoring and assessment vol. 2,1 (1982): 71-83. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00399156
Hickman JR, McBain DC, Armstrong VC. The contribution of drinking water to exposure to toxic substances in Canada. Environ Monit Assess. 1982 Mar;2(1):71-83. doi: 10.1007/BF00399156. PMID: 24264191.
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Environ Monit Assess. 1982 Mar;2(1):71-83. doi: 10.1007/BF00399156.

The contribution of drinking water to exposure to toxic substances in Canada.

Environmental monitoring and assessment

J R Hickman, D C McBain, V C Armstrong

Affiliations

  1. Environmental Health Directorate, Health Protection Branch, Department of National Health and Welfare, Bureau of Chemical Hazards, K1A OL2, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.

PMID: 24264191 DOI: 10.1007/BF00399156

Abstract

Factors influencing the contribution made by drinking water to an individual's exposure to chemical contaminants are reviewed. Deficiencies inherent in simple computational procedures (such as those which rely on the impact of 'average' values to estimate the relative importance of air, food and water and other vehicles by which man is exposed to contaminants) are examined. An alternative approach is described in which a mathematical model incorporating a probabilistic approach is used to predict the distribution of the total exposure of a population. Values of the means and standard deviations for various quantities including contaminant concentrations and food and drinking water intake are used as inputs to the model. The model enables estimations to be made of the proportion of individuals whose exposure exceeds a certain critical value and the relative contribution each exposure pathway makes to the overall distribution of exposure; its versatility is illustrated utilizing data available for lead. The paper also includes a critical assessment of the value of various techniques employed for monitoring drinking water supplies in providing data suitable for exposure assessment and summarizes conclusions from a recent survey of Canadian drinking water consumption habits.

References

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  5. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 1981 Oct;27(4):450-7 - PubMed

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