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Völkl W, Hübner G, Dettner K. Interactions betweenAlloxysta brevis (Hymenoptera, Cynipoidea, Alloxystidae) and honeydew-collecting ants: How an aphid hyperparasitoid overcomes ant aggression by chemical defense. J Chem Ecol. 1994;20(11):2901-15doi: 10.1007/BF02098397.
Völkl, W., Hübner, G., & Dettner, K. (1994). Interactions betweenAlloxysta brevis (Hymenoptera, Cynipoidea, Alloxystidae) and honeydew-collecting ants: How an aphid hyperparasitoid overcomes ant aggression by chemical defense. Journal of chemical ecology, 20(11), 2901-15. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02098397
Völkl, W, et al. "Interactions betweenAlloxysta brevis (Hymenoptera, Cynipoidea, Alloxystidae) and honeydew-collecting ants: How an aphid hyperparasitoid overcomes ant aggression by chemical defense." Journal of chemical ecology vol. 20,11 (1994): 2901-15. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02098397
Völkl W, Hübner G, Dettner K. Interactions betweenAlloxysta brevis (Hymenoptera, Cynipoidea, Alloxystidae) and honeydew-collecting ants: How an aphid hyperparasitoid overcomes ant aggression by chemical defense. J Chem Ecol. 1994 Nov;20(11):2901-15. doi: 10.1007/BF02098397. PMID: 24241923.
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J Chem Ecol. 1994 Nov;20(11):2901-15. doi: 10.1007/BF02098397.

Interactions betweenAlloxysta brevis (Hymenoptera, Cynipoidea, Alloxystidae) and honeydew-collecting ants: How an aphid hyperparasitoid overcomes ant aggression by chemical defense.

Journal of chemical ecology

W Völkl, G Hübner, K Dettner

Affiliations

  1. Lehrstuhl für Tierökologie I, UniversitÄt Bayreuth, P.O. Box 10 1251, D-95440, Bayreuth, Germany.

PMID: 24241923 DOI: 10.1007/BF02098397

Abstract

Foraging females of the aphid hyperparasitoidAlloxysta brevis were attacked by honeydew-collecting workers of the antLasius niger at the first encounter. However, ants abandoned their attacks quickly, and foragingA. brevis remained unmolested for a subsequent time interval of approximately 5 min, which is long enough for the hyperparasitoid to oviposit successfully. Furthermore, freshly killed intactA. brevis were disregarded by ants, while decapitated specimens were readily removed. We present evidence thatA. brevis females release a mandibular gland secretion, which contains 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, actinidin, and unidentified iridoids, in response to an ant attack. This secretion functions both as a measure of self-defense if the female is seized by an ant worker and as a repellent, which prevents ant attacks during subsequent encounters. This is the first evidence for chemical defense in a hymenopterous parasitoid. It enablesA. brevis females to hyperparasitize ant-attended aphids that constitute a major proportion of their hosts and significantly reduces mortality by ectohyperparasitoids.

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