Display options
Share it on

Front Plant Sci. 2013 Nov 19;4:439. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00439.

Plant cell shape: modulators and measurements.

Frontiers in plant science

Alexander Ivakov, Staffan Persson

Affiliations

  1. Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology Potsdam, Germany.

PMID: 24312104 PMCID: PMC3832843 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00439

Abstract

Plant cell shape, seen as an integrative output, is of considerable interest in various fields, such as cell wall research, cytoskeleton dynamics and biomechanics. In this review we summarize the current state of knowledge on cell shape formation in plants focusing on shape of simple cylindrical cells, as well as in complex multipolar cells such as leaf pavement cells and trichomes. We summarize established concepts as well as recent additions to the understanding of how cells construct cell walls of a given shape and the underlying processes. These processes include cell wall synthesis, activity of the actin and microtubule cytoskeletons, in particular their regulation by microtubule associated proteins, actin-related proteins, GTP'ases and their effectors, as well as the recently-elucidated roles of plant hormone signaling and vesicular membrane trafficking. We discuss some of the challenges in cell shape research with a particular emphasis on quantitative imaging and statistical analysis of shape in 2D and 3D, as well as novel developments in this area. Finally, we review recent examples of the use of novel imaging techniques and how they have contributed to our understanding of cell shape formation.

Keywords: Arabidopsis; Microtubules; actin; auxin; hypocotyl; pavement cell; shape tools

References

  1. Heredity (Edinb). 2005 Jun;94(6):657-63 - PubMed
  2. Plant Cell. 2002 Jan;14(1):101-18 - PubMed
  3. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011 Nov 8;108(45):18221-6 - PubMed
  4. Plant Cell. 2012 Jan;24(1):163-77 - PubMed
  5. Plant Cell Physiol. 2004 Sep;45(9):1330-4 - PubMed
  6. J Theor Biol. 1979 Feb 21;76(4):481-501 - PubMed
  7. Plant Physiol. 2004 Jun;135(2):959-68 - PubMed
  8. PLoS Biol. 2005 May;3(5):e128 - PubMed
  9. Protoplasma. 2001;215(1-4):116-27 - PubMed
  10. Development. 2004 Nov;131(21):5215-20 - PubMed
  11. Plant Cell. 2007 Mar;19(3):877-89 - PubMed
  12. Plant Cell. 2004 Jun;16(6):1506-20 - PubMed
  13. Plant Cell. 2010 Apr;22(4):1129-42 - PubMed
  14. J Hered. 2002 Sep-Oct;93(5):384-5 - PubMed
  15. Cell. 2005 Mar 11;120(5):687-700 - PubMed
  16. J Exp Bot. 2006;57(10):2183-92 - PubMed
  17. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 Mar 30;101(13):4379-83 - PubMed
  18. Curr Opin Cell Biol. 1999 Feb;11(1):117-21 - PubMed
  19. Plant Cell. 2011 Apr;23(4):1208-18 - PubMed
  20. Plant Physiol. 1999 Feb;119(2):681-92 - PubMed
  21. Plant Cell. 2003 Jul;15(7):1632-45 - PubMed
  22. Plant Cell. 2007 Sep;19(9):2763-75 - PubMed
  23. Science. 1998 Jan 30;279(5351):717-20 - PubMed
  24. J Exp Bot. 2008;59(2):361-76 - PubMed
  25. Cell. 1994 Feb 11;76(3):555-66 - PubMed
  26. Plant Cell. 2003 Jun;15(6):1414-29 - PubMed
  27. Int Rev Cell Mol Biol. 2011;287:287-329 - PubMed
  28. Trends Plant Sci. 2001 Sep;6(9):414-9 - PubMed
  29. Curr Biol. 2007 Mar 20;17(6):520-7 - PubMed
  30. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 May 15;104(20):8544-9 - PubMed
  31. PLoS Comput Biol. 2013 Apr;9(4):e1003029 - PubMed
  32. Med Image Anal. 2007 Apr;11(2):197-206 - PubMed
  33. Curr Biol. 2013 May 20;23(10):895-900 - PubMed
  34. Plant Physiol. 2013 May;162(1):74-85 - PubMed
  35. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012 Jan 3;109(1):185-90 - PubMed
  36. Science. 2003 Jun 13;300(5626):1715-8 - PubMed
  37. Curr Opin Plant Biol. 2005 Feb;8(1):103-12 - PubMed
  38. Plant Physiol. 2001 Oct;127(2):381-5 - PubMed
  39. Plant J. 2001 Jan;25(2):137-48 - PubMed
  40. Plant Cell. 2011 Jun;23(6):2302-13 - PubMed
  41. Plant Physiol. 2004 Dec;136(4):3933-44 - PubMed
  42. Plant J. 1999 Jul;19(2):229-236 - PubMed
  43. Plant Physiol. 2002 Sep;130(1):422-31 - PubMed
  44. PLoS Biol. 2010 Jan 19;8(1):e1000282 - PubMed
  45. Biochem J. 1992 Mar 15;282 ( Pt 3):821-8 - PubMed
  46. J Microsc. 2007 Aug;227(Pt 2):140-56 - PubMed
  47. Development. 2004 Sep;131(17):4345-55 - PubMed
  48. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2005 Nov;6(11):850-61 - PubMed
  49. Plant Cell. 2004 May;16(5):1178-90 - PubMed
  50. Plant Physiol. 2007 Oct;145(2):305-16 - PubMed
  51. J Cell Biol. 1965 Nov;27(2):343-63 - PubMed
  52. Plant Cell. 2005 Aug;17(8):2314-26 - PubMed
  53. Plant Cell. 2002 Apr;14(4):777-94 - PubMed
  54. Development. 2003 Jul;130(14):3137-46 - PubMed
  55. Curr Biol. 2004 Aug 24;14(16):1515-21 - PubMed
  56. Curr Biol. 2009 Nov 17;19(21):1827-32 - PubMed
  57. Plant Cell. 2009 Mar;21(3):701-18 - PubMed
  58. Curr Opin Cell Biol. 2006 Feb;18(1):40-6 - PubMed
  59. J Theor Biol. 2005 Jan 21;232(2):157-77 - PubMed
  60. Plant Physiol. 2013 Sep;163(1):150-60 - PubMed
  61. Plant Cell. 2000 Dec;12(12):2409-2424 - PubMed
  62. Trends Plant Sci. 2010 Aug;15(8):423-6 - PubMed
  63. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 Nov 16;101(46):16379-84 - PubMed
  64. Curr Biol. 2007 Jun 5;17(11):947-52 - PubMed
  65. BMC Plant Biol. 2011 Feb 01;11:27 - PubMed
  66. Ann Bot. 2004 Nov;94(5):657-64 - PubMed
  67. Development. 2006 Mar;133(6):1091-100 - PubMed
  68. Curr Biol. 2013 Mar 4;23(5):R206-8 - PubMed
  69. Plant J. 2005 Jul;43(2):191-204 - PubMed
  70. J Mol Biol. 2002 Aug 23;321(4):551-61 - PubMed
  71. Plant Cell. 2009 Apr;21(4):1141-54 - PubMed
  72. Plant J. 2004 May;38(3):526-38 - PubMed
  73. Plant Methods. 2010 Jul 02;6:17 - PubMed
  74. EMBO J. 1996 Dec 2;15(23):6483-94 - PubMed
  75. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009 Feb 10;106(6):1826-31 - PubMed
  76. Plant Cell. 2004 Sep;16(9):2335-49 - PubMed
  77. Ann Bot. 2007 Dec;100(7):1467-73 - PubMed
  78. Plant Cell. 2005 Feb;17(2):502-24 - PubMed
  79. Plant Physiol. 2001 May;126(1):278-88 - PubMed
  80. Science. 2006 Jun 9;312(5779):1491-5 - PubMed
  81. Mol Biol Cell. 2003 Dec;14(12):4770-82 - PubMed
  82. Am J Phys Anthropol. 2003 Sep;122(1):11-22 - PubMed
  83. Genome Res. 2010 Mar;20(3):372-80 - PubMed
  84. Trends Plant Sci. 2004 Nov;9(11):534-40 - PubMed
  85. Plant Physiol. 2002 Dec;130(4):2199-209 - PubMed
  86. Curr Biol. 2006 May 9;16(9):895-901 - PubMed
  87. Small GTPases. 2011 Jul;2(4):227-232 - PubMed
  88. Nature. 2002 May 9;417(6885):193-6 - PubMed
  89. Trends Plant Sci. 2006 May;11(5):217-23 - PubMed
  90. Curr Opin Plant Biol. 2004 Dec;7(6):651-60 - PubMed
  91. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol. 2008;24:551-75 - PubMed
  92. Plant Physiol. 2003 Jul;132(3):1138-48 - PubMed
  93. Plant Cell. 2009 Dec;21(12):3839-49 - PubMed
  94. Cell. 2007 Sep 21;130(6):1044-56 - PubMed
  95. Cell Res. 2011 Jun;21(6):970-8 - PubMed
  96. J Exp Bot. 2009;60(14):4175-87 - PubMed
  97. J Cell Sci. 2007 Dec 15;120(Pt 24):4416-25 - PubMed
  98. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 Mar 11;105(10):4044-9 - PubMed
  99. PLoS Biol. 2012;10(4):e1001299 - PubMed
  100. Development. 2000 Oct;127(20):4443-53 - PubMed
  101. Plant Cell Environ. 2012 Sep;35(9):1631-46 - PubMed
  102. Phys Rev Lett. 2012 Sep 21;109(12):128104 - PubMed
  103. Curr Biol. 2013 Feb 18;23(4):290-7 - PubMed
  104. Plant Cell Physiol. 2004 Feb;45(2):211-20 - PubMed
  105. Cell Res. 2013 Feb;23(2):290-9 - PubMed
  106. J Plant Physiol. 2007 Nov;164(11):1395-409 - PubMed
  107. Plant Physiol. 2001 Nov;127(3):1125-35 - PubMed
  108. Nature. 2003 Mar 13;422(6928):161-3 - PubMed
  109. Curr Biol. 2004 Aug 10;14(15):1405-9 - PubMed
  110. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2002 Jun 29;357(1422):799-808 - PubMed
  111. Nat Methods. 2010 Jul;7(7):547-53 - PubMed
  112. Plant Physiol. 2010 Feb;152(2):787-96 - PubMed
  113. Science. 1962 Dec 28;138(3548):1404-5 - PubMed
  114. Plant Physiol. 2013 Jun;162(2):675-88 - PubMed
  115. Curr Opin Plant Biol. 2003 Feb;6(1):57-62 - PubMed
  116. Ann Bot. 2008 Apr;101(5):615-21 - PubMed
  117. Integr Comp Biol. 2009 Jul;49(1):69-79 - PubMed
  118. Nature. 2005 Jan 6;433(7021):39-44 - PubMed
  119. Dev Biol. 2000 Nov 15;227(2):618-32 - PubMed
  120. Nature. 2001 May 31;411(6837):610-3 - PubMed
  121. Nat Methods. 2012 Apr 01;9(5):483-5 - PubMed
  122. Plant Physiol. 2003 Aug;132(4):2034-44 - PubMed
  123. Curr Biol. 2002 May 14;12(10):849-53 - PubMed
  124. Planta. 1985 Aug;165(2):158-69 - PubMed
  125. Trends Cell Biol. 2009 Feb;19(2):62-71 - PubMed
  126. Curr Biol. 2004 Aug 10;14(15):1410-4 - PubMed
  127. Cell. 2010 Oct 1;143(1):99-110 - PubMed
  128. Science. 2004 Oct 29;306(5697):862-5 - PubMed
  129. Plant Cell. 2001 Apr;13(4):807-27 - PubMed
  130. Plant J. 2002 Dec;32(6):949-60 - PubMed
  131. Plant J. 2011 Oct;68(2):234-48 - PubMed
  132. Genome Biol. 2006;7(10):R100 - PubMed
  133. Plant Physiol. 2012 May;159(1):27-39 - PubMed
  134. Am J Bot. 2010 Feb;97(2):224-33 - PubMed
  135. Nature. 2000 Sep 21;407(6802):321-6 - PubMed

Publication Types