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Abbas Z, Afzal R. Life cycle and pathogenesis of hepatitis D virus: A review. World J Hepatol. 2013;5(12):666-75doi: 10.4254/wjh.v5.i12.666.
Abbas, Z., & Afzal, R. (2013). Life cycle and pathogenesis of hepatitis D virus: A review. World journal of hepatology, 5(12), 666-75. https://doi.org/10.4254/wjh.v5.i12.666
Abbas, Zaigham, and Afzal, Rafia. "Life cycle and pathogenesis of hepatitis D virus: A review." World journal of hepatology vol. 5,12 (2013): 666-75. doi: https://doi.org/10.4254/wjh.v5.i12.666
Abbas Z, Afzal R. Life cycle and pathogenesis of hepatitis D virus: A review. World J Hepatol. 2013 Dec 27;5(12):666-75. doi: 10.4254/wjh.v5.i12.666. PMID: 24409335; PMCID: PMC3879688.
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World J Hepatol. 2013 Dec 27;5(12):666-75. doi: 10.4254/wjh.v5.i12.666.

Life cycle and pathogenesis of hepatitis D virus: A review.

World journal of hepatology

Zaigham Abbas, Rafia Afzal

Affiliations

  1. Zaigham Abbas, Rafia Afzal, Department of Hepatogastroenterology, Sindh Institute of Urology and Transplantation, Karachi 75500, Pakistan.

PMID: 24409335 PMCID: PMC3879688 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v5.i12.666

Abstract

Hepatitis D virus (HDV) is a defective RNA virus which requires the help of hepatitis B virus (HBV) virus for its replication and assembly of new virions. HDV genome contains only one actively transcribed open reading frame which encodes for two isoforms of hepatitis delta antigen. Post-translational modifications of small and large delta antigens (S-HDAg and L-HDAg) involving phosphorylation and isoprenylation respectively confer these antigens their specific properties. S-HDAg is required for the initiation of the viral genome replication, whereas L-HDAg serves as a principal inhibitor of replication and is essential for the assembly of new virion particles. Immune mediation has usually been implicated in HDV-associated liver damage. The pathogenesis of HDV mainly involves interferon-α signaling inhibition, HDV-specific T-lymphocyte activation and cytokine responses, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha and nuclear factor kappa B signaling. Due to limited protein coding capacity, HDV makes use of host cellular proteins to accomplish their life cycle processes, including transcription, replication, post-transcriptional and translational modifications. This intimate host-pathogen interaction significantly alters cell proteome and is associated with an augmented expression of pro-inflammatory, growth and anti-apoptotic factors which explains severe necroinflammation and increased cell survival and an early progression to hepatocellular carcinoma in HDV patients. The understanding of the process of viral replication, HBV-HDV interactions, and etio-pathogenesis of the severe course of HDV infection is helpful in identifying the potential therapeutic targets in the virus life cycle for the prophylaxis and treatment of HDV infection and complications.

Keywords: Hepatitis B virus; Hepatitis D virus; Hepatitis D virus pathogenicity; Hepatitis delta antigens; Hepatocellular carcinoma; Host-pathogen interactions; Interferon-alpha; Virus replication

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