Display options
Cite
Bahamondes L, Bahamondes MV. New and emerging contraceptives: a state-of-the-art review. Int J Womens Health. 2014;6:221-34doi: 10.2147/IJWH.S46811.
Bahamondes, L., & Bahamondes, M. V. (2014). New and emerging contraceptives: a state-of-the-art review. International journal of women's health, 6221-34. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJWH.S46811
Bahamondes, Luis, and Bahamondes, M Valeria. "New and emerging contraceptives: a state-of-the-art review." International journal of women's health vol. 6 (2014): 221-34. doi: https://doi.org/10.2147/IJWH.S46811
Bahamondes L, Bahamondes MV. New and emerging contraceptives: a state-of-the-art review. Int J Womens Health. 2014 Feb 19;6:221-34. doi: 10.2147/IJWH.S46811. eCollection 2014. PMID: 24570597; PMCID: PMC3933723.
Copy Download .nbib Format: NLM
Share it on

Int J Womens Health. 2014 Feb 19;6:221-34. doi: 10.2147/IJWH.S46811. eCollection 2014.

New and emerging contraceptives: a state-of-the-art review.

International journal of women's health

Luis Bahamondes, M Valeria Bahamondes

Affiliations

  1. Human Reproduction Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas and National Institute of Hormones and Women's Health, Campinas, SP, Brazil.

PMID: 24570597 PMCID: PMC3933723 DOI: 10.2147/IJWH.S46811

Abstract

BACKGROUND: The first hormonal contraceptive was introduced onto the market in several countries 50 years ago; however, the portfolio of contraceptive methods remains restricted with regards to their steroid composition, their cost, and their ability to satisfy the requirements of millions of women/couples in accordance with their different reproductive intentions, behaviors, cultures, and settings.

METHODS: A literature review was conducted using Medline, Embase, and Current Contents databases, up to September 1, 2013 to identify publications reporting new contraceptives in development using combinations of the search terms: contraception, contraceptives, oral contraceptives, patch, vaginal ring, implants, intrauterine contraceptives, and emergency contraception (EC). Also, several experts in the field were also consulted to document ongoing projects on contraception development. Additionally, the Clinicaltrial.gov website was searched for ongoing studies on existing contraceptive methods and new and emerging female contraceptives developed over the past 5 years. Information was also obtained from the pharmaceutical industry.

RESULTS: Early sexual debut and late menopause means that women may require contraception for up to 30 years. Although oral, injectable, vaginal, transdermal, subdermal, and intrauterine contraceptives are already available, new contraceptives have been developed in an attempt to reduce side effects and avoid early discontinuation, and to fulfill women's different requirements. Research efforts are focused on replacing ethinyl-estradiol with natural estradiol to reduce thrombotic events. In addition, new, less androgenic progestins are being introduced and selective progesterone receptor modulators and new delivery systems are being used. In addition, research is being conducted into methods that offer dual protection (contraception and protection against human immunodeficiency virus transmission), and contraceptives for use "on demand." Studies are also investigating non-hormonal contraceptive methods that have additional, non-contraceptive benefits.

CONCLUSION: The most pressing need worldwide is, first, that the highly effective contraceptive methods already available should be affordable to most of the population and also that these methods should fulfill the needs of women of different ages and with different reproductive requirements. The development of new contraceptive methods should also take advantage of the knowledge obtained over the past 30 years on gamete physiology and gamete interaction to avoid the use of steroid compounds.

Keywords: emergency contraceptives; emerging contraceptives; intrauterine devices; patch; spray; vaginal ring

References

  1. Contraception. 2007 Dec;76(6):432-8 - PubMed
  2. N Engl J Med. 2012 May 24;366(21):1998-2007 - PubMed
  3. Maturitas. 1982 Dec;4(4):315-24 - PubMed
  4. Endocrinology. 2001 Jun;142(6):2184-93 - PubMed
  5. Contraception. 2011 Nov;84(5):e11-6 - PubMed
  6. Contraception. 2005 Nov;72(5):352-7 - PubMed
  7. Steroids. 2003 Nov;68(10-13):1005-11 - PubMed
  8. Contraception. 2007 Aug;76(2):111-6 - PubMed
  9. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care. 2009 Jun;14(3):221-32 - PubMed
  10. Perspect Sex Reprod Health. 2003 Mar-Apr;35(2):94-101 - PubMed
  11. Fertil Steril. 2010 Apr;93(6):1731-4 - PubMed
  12. Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2006;4 Suppl 1:S8 - PubMed
  13. Steroids. 2000 Oct-Nov;65(10-11):629-36 - PubMed
  14. Contraception. 2013 Mar;87(3):314-8 - PubMed
  15. Steroids. 2003 Nov;68(10-13):1013-7 - PubMed
  16. Lancet. 2012 Feb 18;379(9816):625-32 - PubMed
  17. Mod Pathol. 2008 May;21(5):591-8 - PubMed
  18. Contraception. 2010 Nov;82(5):428-34 - PubMed
  19. Lancet. 1998 Dec 12;352(9144):1939 - PubMed
  20. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1986 Nov;63(5):1106-11 - PubMed
  21. Contraception. 2010 May;81(5):452-3 - PubMed
  22. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2002 Feb;53(2):141-6 - PubMed
  23. Contraception. 2001 May;63(5):257-61 - PubMed
  24. Contraception. 1995 Jan;51(1):33-8 - PubMed
  25. Contraception. 2009 Nov;80(5):430-5 - PubMed
  26. Contraception. 2005 Feb;71(2):122-9 - PubMed
  27. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2010 Sep;1205:230-9 - PubMed
  28. Clin Drug Investig. 2011;31(8):573-584 - PubMed
  29. Hum Reprod Update. 2007 Nov-Dec;13(6):567-80 - PubMed
  30. Steroids. 2000 Oct-Nov;65(10-11):699-702 - PubMed
  31. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care. 2002 Dec;7 Suppl 2:31-6; discussion 37-9 - PubMed
  32. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Apr 30;(4):CD003552 - PubMed
  33. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care. 2000 Mar;5(1):25-34 - PubMed
  34. J Clin Pharmacol. 2001 Dec;41(12):1301-9 - PubMed
  35. Contraception. 2013 Mar;87(3):352-7 - PubMed
  36. BJOG. 2010 Sep;117(10):1205-10 - PubMed
  37. Contraception. 2009 Feb;79(2):150-4 - PubMed
  38. J Fam Plann Reprod Health Care. 2010 Jul;36(3):123-9 - PubMed
  39. Stud Fam Plann. 2008 Mar;39(1):18-38 - PubMed
  40. Hum Reprod Update. 2003 Jan-Feb;9(1):49-59 - PubMed
  41. Contraception. 2001 Nov;64(5):287-94 - PubMed
  42. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2004 Apr;190(4 Suppl):S54-9 - PubMed
  43. Contraception. 2010 Jun;81(6):496-500 - PubMed
  44. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care. 2013 Jun;18(3):143-7 - PubMed
  45. Contraception. 2006 Dec;74(6):451-7 - PubMed
  46. Fertil Steril. 2008 Dec;90(6):2269-80 - PubMed
  47. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2009 May;85(5):553-7 - PubMed
  48. JAMA. 2001 May 9;285(18):2347-54 - PubMed
  49. Lancet. 2013 May 18;381(9879):1756-62 - PubMed
  50. Contraception. 2004 Feb;69(2):137-44 - PubMed
  51. Contraception. 2014 Mar;89(3):215-21 - PubMed
  52. Obstet Gynecol. 2010 Feb;115(2 Pt 1):257-263 - PubMed
  53. Lancet. 1998 Aug 8;352(9126):428-33 - PubMed
  54. Contraception. 2009 Nov;80(5):436-44 - PubMed
  55. Contraception. 2013 Nov;88(5):611-8 - PubMed
  56. Hum Reprod. 2010 Feb;25(2):368-73 - PubMed
  57. Contraception. 1997 Nov;56(5):285-90 - PubMed
  58. Contraception. 2013 Feb;87(2):201-11 - PubMed
  59. Contraception. 2010 Apr;81(4):336-42 - PubMed
  60. Contraception. 1981 Jan;23(1):63-75 - PubMed
  61. Gynecol Endocrinol. 2010 Feb;26(2):109-13 - PubMed
  62. Lancet. 2010 Feb 13;375(9714):555-62 - PubMed
  63. Contraception. 2008 Mar;77(3):186-90 - PubMed
  64. Contraception. 1999 Jul;60(1):9-14 - PubMed
  65. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care. 1996 Dec;1(4):319-23 - PubMed
  66. Lancet. 1999 Feb 27;353(9154):721 - PubMed
  67. Fertil Steril. 2002 Feb;77(2 Suppl 2):S13-8 - PubMed
  68. Obstet Gynecol. 2006 Nov;108(5):1089-97 - PubMed
  69. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2010 Mar;149(1):57-62 - PubMed
  70. Ann Med. 1990 Apr;22(2):85-90 - PubMed
  71. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1978 Sep 15;132(2):217-9 - PubMed
  72. Biol Reprod. 1996 Jan;54(1):173-82 - PubMed
  73. Contraception. 1995 Oct;52(4):229-35 - PubMed
  74. Pharmacotherapy. 2003 Apr;23(4):472-80 - PubMed
  75. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2002 Feb 25;188(1-2):111-23 - PubMed
  76. BMJ. 2012 May 10;344:e2990 - PubMed
  77. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1979 Sep;86(9):732-6 - PubMed
  78. Contraception. 1997 Dec;56(6):387-9 - PubMed
  79. Fertil Steril. 2012 Mar;97(3):616-22.e1-3 - PubMed
  80. Contraception. 1998 Jun;57(6):363-9 - PubMed
  81. Sex Transm Infect. 2000 Dec;76(6):480-3 - PubMed
  82. Contraception. 1997 Apr;55(4):225-32 - PubMed
  83. Contraception. 2013 Mar;87(3):319-30 - PubMed
  84. Contraception. 2008 Sep;78(3):218-25 - PubMed
  85. Steroids. 2003 Nov;68(10-13):907-13 - PubMed
  86. Obstet Gynecol. 2010 Mar;115(3):503-510 - PubMed
  87. J Clin Pharmacol. 2006 Aug;46(8):925-32 - PubMed
  88. Contraception. 2011 Mar;83(3):202-10 - PubMed
  89. Contraception. 2013 Mar;87(3):264-72 - PubMed
  90. Contraception. 1991 Sep;44(3):269-76 - PubMed
  91. Obstet Gynecol. 2012 May;119(5):989-99 - PubMed
  92. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2005 Aug 1;121(2):202-10 - PubMed
  93. Contraception. 2010 Mar;81(3):223-5 - PubMed
  94. Contraception. 2007 Jun;75(6):454-60 - PubMed
  95. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care. 2011 Dec;16(6):430-43 - PubMed
  96. Drugs R D. 2013 Sep;13(3):223-33 - PubMed
  97. Contraception. 1997 Sep;56(3):185-91 - PubMed
  98. Contraception. 1976 Aug;14(2):215-26 - PubMed
  99. Hum Reprod. 2001 Jul;16(7):1323-8 - PubMed
  100. Steroids. 2000 Oct-Nov;65(10-11):713-23 - PubMed
  101. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care. 2004 Sep;9(3):173-81 - PubMed

Publication Types