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Rincón-Cortés M, Sullivan RM. Early life trauma and attachment: immediate and enduring effects on neurobehavioral and stress axis development. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2014;5:33doi: 10.3389/fendo.2014.00033.
Rincón-Cortés, M., & Sullivan, R. M. (2014). Early life trauma and attachment: immediate and enduring effects on neurobehavioral and stress axis development. Frontiers in endocrinology, 533. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2014.00033
Rincón-Cortés, Millie, and Sullivan, Regina M. "Early life trauma and attachment: immediate and enduring effects on neurobehavioral and stress axis development." Frontiers in endocrinology vol. 5 (2014): 33. doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2014.00033
Rincón-Cortés M, Sullivan RM. Early life trauma and attachment: immediate and enduring effects on neurobehavioral and stress axis development. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2014 Mar 21;5:33. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2014.00033. eCollection 2014. PMID: 24711804; PMCID: PMC3968754.
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Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2014 Mar 21;5:33. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2014.00033. eCollection 2014.

Early life trauma and attachment: immediate and enduring effects on neurobehavioral and stress axis development.

Frontiers in endocrinology

Millie Rincón-Cortés, Regina M Sullivan

Affiliations

  1. Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sackler Institute for Graduate Biomedical Sciences, New York University School of Medicine , New York, NY , USA ; Emotional Brain Institute, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research , New York, NY , USA ; New York University Child Study Center, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine , New York, NY , USA.

PMID: 24711804 PMCID: PMC3968754 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2014.00033

Abstract

Over half a century of converging clinical and animal research indicates that early life experiences induce enduring neuroplasticity of the HPA-axis and the developing brain. This experience-induced neuroplasticity is due to alterations in the frequency and intensity of stimulation of pups' sensory systems (i.e., olfactory, somatosensory, gustatory) embedded in mother-infant interactions. This stimulation provides "hidden regulators" of pups' behavioral, physiological, and neural responses that have both immediate and enduring consequences, including those involving the stress response. While variation in stimulation can produce individual differences and adaptive behaviors, pathological early life experiences can induce maladaptive behaviors, initiate a pathway to pathology, and increase risk for later-life psychopathologies, such as mood and affective disorders, suggesting that infant-attachment relationships program later-life neurobehavioral function. Recent evidence suggests that the effects of maternal presence or absence during this sensory stimulation provide a major modulatory role in neural and endocrine system responses, which have minimal impact on pups' immediate neurobehavior but a robust impact on neurobehavioral development. This concept is reviewed here using two complementary rodent models of infant trauma within attachment: infant paired-odor-shock conditioning (mimicking maternal odor attachment learning) and rearing with an abusive mother that converge in producing a similar behavioral phenotype in later-life including depressive-like behavior as well as disrupted HPA-axis and amygdala function. The importance of maternal social presence on pups' immediate and enduring brain and behavior suggests unique processing of sensory stimuli in early life that could provide insight into the development of novel strategies for prevention and therapeutic interventions for trauma experienced with the abusive caregiver.

Keywords: amygdala; development; infant-attachment; maternal programming; rodent models; social behavior; stress

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