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Paton KR, Varrla E, Backes C, et al. Scalable production of large quantities of defect-free few-layer graphene by shear exfoliation in liquids. Nat Mater. 2014;13(6):624-30doi: 10.1038/nmat3944.
Paton, K. R., Varrla, E., Backes, C., Smith, R. J., Khan, U., O'Neill, A., Boland, C., Lotya, M., Istrate, O. M., King, P., Higgins, T., Barwich, S., May, P., Puczkarski, P., Ahmed, I., Moebius, M., Pettersson, H., Long, E., Coelho, J., O'Brien, S. E., McGuire, E. K., Sanchez, B. M., Duesberg, G. S., McEvoy, N., Pennycook, T. J., Downing, C., Crossley, A., Nicolosi, V., & Coleman, J. N. (2014). Scalable production of large quantities of defect-free few-layer graphene by shear exfoliation in liquids. Nature materials, 13(6), 624-30. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat3944
Paton, Keith R, et al. "Scalable production of large quantities of defect-free few-layer graphene by shear exfoliation in liquids." Nature materials vol. 13,6 (2014): 624-30. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat3944
Paton KR, Varrla E, Backes C, Smith RJ, Khan U, O'Neill A, Boland C, Lotya M, Istrate OM, King P, Higgins T, Barwich S, May P, Puczkarski P, Ahmed I, Moebius M, Pettersson H, Long E, Coelho J, O'Brien SE, McGuire EK, Sanchez BM, Duesberg GS, McEvoy N, Pennycook TJ, Downing C, Crossley A, Nicolosi V, Coleman JN. Scalable production of large quantities of defect-free few-layer graphene by shear exfoliation in liquids. Nat Mater. 2014 Jun;13(6):624-30. doi: 10.1038/nmat3944. Epub 2014 Apr 20. PMID: 24747780.
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Nat Mater. 2014 Jun;13(6):624-30. doi: 10.1038/nmat3944. Epub 2014 Apr 20.

Scalable production of large quantities of defect-free few-layer graphene by shear exfoliation in liquids.

Nature materials

Keith R Paton, Eswaraiah Varrla, Claudia Backes, Ronan J Smith, Umar Khan, Arlene O'Neill, Conor Boland, Mustafa Lotya, Oana M Istrate, Paul King, Tom Higgins, Sebastian Barwich, Peter May, Pawel Puczkarski, Iftikhar Ahmed, Matthias Moebius, Henrik Pettersson, Edmund Long, João Coelho, Sean E O'Brien, Eva K McGuire, Beatriz Mendoza Sanchez, Georg S Duesberg, Niall McEvoy, Timothy J Pennycook, Clive Downing, Alison Crossley, Valeria Nicolosi, Jonathan N Coleman

Affiliations

  1. 1] Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices (CRANN), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland [2] Thomas Swan and Company Limited, Rotary Way Consett DH8 7ND, UK.
  2. 1] Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices (CRANN), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland [2] School of Physics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
  3. School of Physics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
  4. 1] Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices (CRANN), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland [2] School of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
  5. 1] SuperSTEM, STFC Daresbury Laboratories, Keckwick Lane Warrington WA4 4AD, UK [2] Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road Oxford OX1 3PH, UK.
  6. Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices (CRANN), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
  7. Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road Oxford OX1 3PH, UK.
  8. 1] Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices (CRANN), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland [2] School of Physics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland [3] School of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.

PMID: 24747780 DOI: 10.1038/nmat3944

Abstract

To progress from the laboratory to commercial applications, it will be necessary to develop industrially scalable methods to produce large quantities of defect-free graphene. Here we show that high-shear mixing of graphite in suitable stabilizing liquids results in large-scale exfoliation to give dispersions of graphene nanosheets. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy show the exfoliated flakes to be unoxidized and free of basal-plane defects. We have developed a simple model that shows exfoliation to occur once the local shear rate exceeds 10(4) s(-1). By fully characterizing the scaling behaviour of the graphene production rate, we show that exfoliation can be achieved in liquid volumes from hundreds of millilitres up to hundreds of litres and beyond. The graphene produced by this method performs well in applications from composites to conductive coatings. This method can be applied to exfoliate BN, MoS2 and a range of other layered crystals.

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