Display options
Share it on

Front Immunol. 2014 Apr 07;5:143. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00143. eCollection 2014.

Neuro-endocrine networks controlling immune system in health and disease.

Frontiers in immunology

Claudio Procaccini, Valentina Pucino, Veronica De Rosa, Gianni Marone, Giuseppe Matarese

Affiliations

  1. Laboratorio di Immunologia, Istituto di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche , Napoli , Italy.
  2. Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Traslazionali, Università di Napoli "Federico II" , Napoli , Italy.
  3. Laboratorio di Immunologia, Istituto di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche , Napoli , Italy ; Unità di Neuroimmunologia, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia , Roma , Italy.
  4. Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Traslazionali, Università di Napoli "Federico II" , Napoli , Italy ; Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca in Scienze Immunologiche di Base e Cliniche, Università di Napoli "Federico II" , Napoli , Italy.
  5. Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Salerno , Salerno , Italy ; IRCCS Multimedica , Milano , Italy.

PMID: 24778633 PMCID: PMC3985001 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00143

Abstract

The nervous and immune systems have long been considered as compartments that perform separate and different functions. However, recent clinical, epidemiological, and experimental data have suggested that the pathogenesis of several immune-mediated disorders, such as multiple sclerosis (MS), might involve factors, hormones, and neural mediators that link the immune and nervous system. These molecules are members of the same superfamily, which allow the mutual and bi-directional neural-immune interaction. More recently, the discovery of leptin, one of the most abundant adipocyte-derived hormones that control food intake and metabolism, has suggested that nutritional/metabolic status, acting at central level, can control immune self-tolerance, since it promotes experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, an animal model of MS. Here, we summarize the most recent advances and the key players linking the central nervous system, immune tolerance, and the metabolic status. Understanding this coordinated interaction may pave the way for novel therapeutic approaches to increase host defense and suppress immune-mediated disorders.

Keywords: MS; autoimmunity; leptin; metabolism; neuro-immune modulation

References

  1. J Neuroimmunol. 2003 Jun;139(1-2):150-4 - PubMed
  2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996 Dec 10;93(25):14564-8 - PubMed
  3. J Exp Med. 1986 Aug 1;164(2):594-604 - PubMed
  4. J Immunol. 2013 Apr 1;190(7):3054-8 - PubMed
  5. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1994 Nov 25;741:292-8 - PubMed
  6. J Neuroimmunol. 1990 Nov;30(1):81-93 - PubMed
  7. Science. 1986 Aug 8;233(4764):652-4 - PubMed
  8. Nat Neurosci. 2012 Jun 24;15(8):1108-10 - PubMed
  9. Science. 1987 Oct 23;238(4826):524-6 - PubMed
  10. Science. 2011 Oct 7;334(6052):98-101 - PubMed
  11. Immunity. 2010 Dec 14;33(6):929-41 - PubMed
  12. Rheumatol Int. 2002 Aug;22(4):138-41 - PubMed
  13. Trends Neurosci. 2005 Nov;28(11):571-3 - PubMed
  14. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2009 Apr;5(4):229-32 - PubMed
  15. Neurology. 2012 Nov 20;79(21):2140-5 - PubMed
  16. Brain Behav Immun. 2003 Feb;17(1):13-9 - PubMed
  17. Neurology. 2014 Mar 11;82(10):865-72 - PubMed
  18. Biochem Pharmacol. 1989 Mar 1;38(5):705-13 - PubMed
  19. EMBO J. 2012 Nov 14;31(22):4276-88 - PubMed
  20. Pharmacol Rev. 2004 Jun;56(2):249-90 - PubMed
  21. Brain Res. 1993 Oct 8;624(1-2):291-4 - PubMed
  22. Endocrinology. 2006 Feb;147(2):647-58 - PubMed
  23. J Immunol. 2002 Jan 15;168(2):875-82 - PubMed
  24. Brain Behav Immun. 1987 Jun;1(2):123-33 - PubMed
  25. Mol Aspects Med. 2012 Feb;33(1):35-45 - PubMed
  26. Neurology. 2009 Nov 10;73(19):1543-50 - PubMed
  27. J Neuroimmunol. 2007 Dec;192(1-2):174-83 - PubMed
  28. Clin Exp Immunol. 2002 Sep;129(3):510-8 - PubMed
  29. Am J Pathol. 2004 Feb;164(2):385-90 - PubMed
  30. Nat Med. 2002 May;8(5):500-8 - PubMed
  31. J Neuroimmunol. 2005 Mar;160(1-2):87-91 - PubMed
  32. Domest Anim Endocrinol. 1998 Sep;15(5):371-5 - PubMed
  33. J Clin Invest. 2006 Feb;116(2):447-55 - PubMed
  34. J Neurosci Res. 1991 Feb;28(2):254-60 - PubMed
  35. J Clin Invest. 2003 Jan;111(2):241-50 - PubMed
  36. Physiol Rev. 1989 Jan;69(1):1-32 - PubMed
  37. Brain Behav Immun. 1987 Mar;1(1):52-63 - PubMed
  38. J Neuroimmunol. 2005 Mar;160(1-2):135-45 - PubMed
  39. Endocr J. 2010;57(1):61-72 - PubMed
  40. J Neuroimmunol. 2003 Apr;137(1-2):87-93 - PubMed
  41. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2002 Jun;961:341-2 - PubMed
  42. Expert Rev Neurother. 2002 Nov;2(6):809-14 - PubMed
  43. FASEB J. 1998 Jan;12(1):57-65 - PubMed
  44. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2002 Nov 1;298(3):297-302 - PubMed
  45. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1975 Nov;150(2):466-70 - PubMed
  46. Neurology. 1996 Apr;46(4):907-11 - PubMed
  47. Cell. 2000 Jan 21;100(2):197-207 - PubMed
  48. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1991 Dec 15;88(24):11246-50 - PubMed
  49. J Leukoc Biol. 2001 Mar;69(3):414-8 - PubMed
  50. Auton Neurosci. 2000 Dec 20;85(1-3):49-59 - PubMed
  51. Brain Pathol. 1996 Jul;6(3):275-88 - PubMed
  52. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005 Apr 5;102(14):5150-5 - PubMed
  53. Glia. 2001 Nov;36(2):118-24 - PubMed
  54. Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand). 2003 Mar;49(2):127-42 - PubMed
  55. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2006 Jun;1069:155-67 - PubMed
  56. Lymphokine Res. 1984;3(1):11-6 - PubMed
  57. Brain Behav Immun. 2004 Mar;18(2):123-34 - PubMed
  58. Trends Immunol. 2012 Jan;33(1):1-7 - PubMed
  59. Life Sci. 1995;57(11):1011-26 - PubMed
  60. Curr Pharm Des. 2003;9(12):997-1004 - PubMed
  61. Nat Med. 2004 Nov;10(11):1216-21 - PubMed
  62. J Neuroimmunol. 2005 Aug;165(1-2):33-40 - PubMed
  63. J Neuroimmunol. 1994 Jan;49(1-2):77-87 - PubMed
  64. Chest. 2005 Apr;127(4):1102-7 - PubMed
  65. J Immunol. 2012 Sep 15;189(6):2941-53 - PubMed
  66. Nat Genet. 1996 Mar;12(3):318-20 - PubMed
  67. J Immunol. 2001 May 15;166(10):5909-16 - PubMed
  68. Immunol Today. 1993 Apr;14(4):171-6 - PubMed
  69. J Autoimmun. 1999 Aug;13(1):61-72 - PubMed
  70. Science. 1983 Aug 5;221(4610):564-6 - PubMed
  71. Neuroimmunomodulation. 2001;9(1):23-33 - PubMed
  72. J Neuroimmunol. 1995 Dec;63(1):39-46 - PubMed
  73. J Exp Med. 2005 Apr 4;201(7):1113-23 - PubMed
  74. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2001 Sep;21(9):1115-24 - PubMed
  75. Neuropathology. 2011 Jun;31(3):230-8 - PubMed
  76. J Exp Med. 1996 Nov 1;184(5):1737-45 - PubMed
  77. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003 Jul 8;100(14):8389-94 - PubMed
  78. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013 Apr 9;110(15):6193-8 - PubMed
  79. Brain Behav Immun. 2004 Jan;18(1):1-6 - PubMed
  80. Clin Rheumatol. 1999;18(5):394-401 - PubMed
  81. Science. 1998 Sep 11;281(5383):1683-6 - PubMed
  82. J Immunol. 1985 Aug;135(2 Suppl):755s-765s - PubMed
  83. J Immunol. 2010 Dec 15;185(12):7474-9 - PubMed
  84. J Clin Invest. 2007 Feb;117(2):289-96 - PubMed
  85. Nature. 1998 Oct 22;395(6704):763-70 - PubMed
  86. Clin Immunol. 2000 May;95(2):117-23 - PubMed
  87. Endocr Rev. 2000 Jun;21(3):292-312 - PubMed
  88. Neuroimmunomodulation. 2004;11(2):119-26 - PubMed
  89. J Neurosci. 2011 Jun 8;31(23):8373-80 - PubMed
  90. J Neuroimmunol. 2005 Mar;160(1-2):146-53 - PubMed
  91. Immunity. 2007 Feb;26(2):241-55 - PubMed
  92. Brain Res. 1993 Oct 22;625(2):347-50 - PubMed
  93. Science. 1987 Oct 23;238(4826):522-4 - PubMed
  94. J Neuroimmunol. 2005 Mar;160(1-2):204-9 - PubMed
  95. Endocrinology. 1990 Jun;126(6):3053-8 - PubMed
  96. Nature. 1980 Apr 10;284(5756):555-6 - PubMed
  97. J Clin Invest. 1984 Jan;73(1):277-80 - PubMed
  98. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1990;594:17-33 - PubMed
  99. Brain Behav Immun. 1996 Jun;10(2):77-91 - PubMed
  100. J Neurol Sci. 1987 Aug;80(1):25-37 - PubMed
  101. Brain. 2011 Mar;134(Pt 3):653-64 - PubMed
  102. Nat Neurosci. 2005 Oct;8(10):1289-91 - PubMed
  103. J Neuroimmunol. 2002 Aug;129(1-2):51-7 - PubMed
  104. Brain Behav Immun. 2003 Feb;17 Suppl 1:S5-10 - PubMed
  105. J Biol Chem. 2006 May 5;281(18):12950-8 - PubMed
  106. FASEB J. 2004 Sep;18(12):1453-5 - PubMed
  107. Diabetes. 2002 May;51(5):1356-61 - PubMed
  108. Mult Scler. 2012 Sep;18(9):1334-6 - PubMed
  109. Immunology. 1993 Oct;80(2):259-65 - PubMed
  110. Front Neurosci. 2013 Oct 29;7:204 - PubMed
  111. J Immunol. 1996 Sep 1;157(5):1819-22 - PubMed
  112. J Endocrinol. 2001 Jun;169(3):429-35 - PubMed
  113. J Neuroimmunol. 1994 Dec;55(2):153-60 - PubMed
  114. Arthritis Rheum. 2009 Jan;60(1):114-22 - PubMed
  115. Free Radic Res. 2003 Aug;37(8):809-14 - PubMed
  116. Nat Med. 2014 Jan;20(1):69-74 - PubMed
  117. Regul Pept. 2003 Nov 15;116(1-3):119-26 - PubMed
  118. Nature. 2003 Jan 23;421(6921):384-8 - PubMed
  119. J Neuroimmunol. 2006 Mar;172(1-2):38-58 - PubMed
  120. Science. 1988 Apr 15;240(4850):321-4 - PubMed
  121. J Neurosci. 2010 Sep 1;30(35):11815-25 - PubMed
  122. J Neurosci. 2010 Apr 28;30(17):6036-47 - PubMed
  123. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2002 Jun;966:20-7 - PubMed
  124. Nat Rev Immunol. 2003 Jul;3(7):569-81 - PubMed
  125. Eur J Immunol. 2001 Dec;31(12):3504-12 - PubMed
  126. Nature. 1987 May 7-13;327(6117):62-4 - PubMed
  127. Brain Behav Immun. 2005 Mar;19(2):127-37 - PubMed
  128. Clin Neurosci. 1994;2(3-4):229-45 - PubMed
  129. J Leukoc Biol. 2007 Jan;81(1):1-5 - PubMed
  130. J Biol Chem. 2004 Dec 31;279(53):55176-86 - PubMed
  131. J Neuroimmunol. 1993 Sep;47(2):169-76 - PubMed
  132. Science. 2005 May 27;308(5726):1314-8 - PubMed
  133. Curr Biol. 1996 Sep 1;6(9):1170-80 - PubMed
  134. Nat Neurosci. 2012 Jul 26;15(8):1096-101 - PubMed
  135. J Clin Invest. 1999 Oct;104(8):1051-9 - PubMed
  136. J Leukoc Biol. 2008 Oct;84(4):940-8 - PubMed
  137. Eur J Immunol. 2001 May;31(5):1324-32 - PubMed
  138. Brain Res. 2002 Nov 15;955(1-2):16-23 - PubMed
  139. J Neurosci Res. 1988;20(2):147-57 - PubMed
  140. Trends Mol Med. 2001 Mar;7(3):115-21 - PubMed
  141. Nature. 1998 Aug 27;394(6696):897-901 - PubMed
  142. J Immunol. 2002 Apr 15;168(8):4018-24 - PubMed
  143. Clin Exp Immunol. 2003 Jul;133(1):11-9 - PubMed
  144. J Endocrinol Invest. 2003 Feb;26(2):138-42 - PubMed

Publication Types

Grant support