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Schulze JJ, Mullen JE, Berglund Lindgren E, et al. The impact of genetics and hormonal contraceptives on the steroid profile in female athletes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2014;5:50doi: 10.3389/fendo.2014.00050.
Schulze, J. J., Mullen, J. E., Berglund Lindgren, E., Ericsson, M., Ekström, L., & Hirschberg, A. L. (2014). The impact of genetics and hormonal contraceptives on the steroid profile in female athletes. Frontiers in endocrinology, 550. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2014.00050
Schulze, Jenny J, et al. "The impact of genetics and hormonal contraceptives on the steroid profile in female athletes." Frontiers in endocrinology vol. 5 (2014): 50. doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2014.00050
Schulze JJ, Mullen JE, Berglund Lindgren E, Ericsson M, Ekström L, Hirschberg AL. The impact of genetics and hormonal contraceptives on the steroid profile in female athletes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2014 Apr 10;5:50. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2014.00050. eCollection 2014. PMID: 24782830; PMCID: PMC3989562.
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Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2014 Apr 10;5:50. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2014.00050. eCollection 2014.

The impact of genetics and hormonal contraceptives on the steroid profile in female athletes.

Frontiers in endocrinology

Jenny J Schulze, Jenny E Mullen, Emma Berglund Lindgren, Magnus Ericsson, Lena Ekström, Angelica Lindén Hirschberg

Affiliations

  1. Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital , Stockholm , Sweden.
  2. Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital , Stockholm , Sweden.

PMID: 24782830 PMCID: PMC3989562 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2014.00050

Abstract

The steroid module of the Athlete Biological Passport, the newest innovation in doping testing, is currently being finalized for implementation. Several factors, other than doping, can affect the longitudinal steroid profile. In this study, we investigated the effect of hormonal contraceptives (HC) as well as the effect of three polymorphisms on female steroid profiles in relation to doping controls. The study population consisted of 79 female elite athletes between the ages of 18 and 45. HC were used by 32% of the subjects. A full urinary steroid profile was obtained using World Anti-Doping Agency accredited methods. In addition all subjects were genotyped for copy number variation of UGT2B17 and SNPs in UGT2B7 and CYP17. Subjects using HC excreted 40% less epitestosterone as compared to non-users (p = 0.005) but showed no difference in testosterone excretion. When removing individuals homozygous for the deletion in UGT2B17, the testosterone to epitestosterone (T/E) ratio was 29% higher in the HC group (p = 0.016). In agreement with previous findings in men, copy number variation of UGT2B17 had significant effect on female urinary testosterone excretion and therefore also the T/E ratio. Subjects homozygous for the T allele of CYP17 showed a lower urinary epitestosterone concentration than the other CYP17 genotypes. It is of great importance that the athlete's steroidal passport can compensate for all possible normal variability in steroid profiles from women. Therefore, considering the large impact of HC on female steroid profiles, we suggest that the use of HC should be a mandatory question on the doping control form.

Keywords: CYP17; T/E ratio; UGT2B17; doping in sports; epitestosterone; genetic polymorphism; hormonal contraceptives; testosterone doping

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