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Simard JF, Mittleman MA, Shadick NA, et al. TNF-. Open J Rheumatol Autoimmune Dis. 2012;2(2):14-20doi: 10.4236/ojra.2012.22004.
Simard, J. F., Mittleman, M. A., Shadick, N. A., & Karlson, E. W. (2012). TNF-. Open journal of rheumatology and autoimmune diseases, 2(2), 14-20. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojra.2012.22004
Simard, Julia F, et al. "TNF-." Open journal of rheumatology and autoimmune diseases vol. 2,2 (2012): 14-20. doi: https://doi.org/10.4236/ojra.2012.22004
Simard JF, Mittleman MA, Shadick NA, Karlson EW. TNF-. Open J Rheumatol Autoimmune Dis. 2012 May;2(2):14-20. doi: 10.4236/ojra.2012.22004. PMID: 25019035; PMCID: PMC4089359.
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Open J Rheumatol Autoimmune Dis. 2012 May;2(2):14-20. doi: 10.4236/ojra.2012.22004.

TNF-.

Open journal of rheumatology and autoimmune diseases

Julia F Simard, Murray A Mittleman, Nancy A Shadick, Elizabeth W Karlson

Affiliations

  1. Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, USA ; Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
  2. Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, USA.
  3. Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, USA.

PMID: 25019035 PMCID: PMC4089359 DOI: 10.4236/ojra.2012.22004

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Anti-TNF treatment may increase infection risk, although this has been difficult to study because the timing of anti-TNF treatment is driven by disease activity, which may influence infection susceptibility leading to confounding that varies over time. We evaluated the association between anti-TNF initiation in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients on disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARD) and infection using multiple approaches adjusting for time-varying confounding.

METHODS: 383 anti-TNF-naïve RA patients on ≥1 non-biologic-DMARD at enrollment from the Brigham and Women's Rheumatoid Arthritis Sequential Study (BRASS) were followed up to two years. Pooled logistic regressions estimated the association between anti-TNF and infection by including time-varying covariates in the adjusted models and inverse probability treatment weighting (IPTW).

RESULTS: Adjustment for time-varying disease activity and other suspected confounders yielded non-statistically significant positive associations between anti-TNF start and infection regardless of analytic approach (RR

CONCLUSIONS: Incorporating changing clinical status, and treatment indications and consequences, yielded consistently (though not significantly) elevated relative risks of infection associated with anti-TNF initiation. Due to limited statistical power, we cannot draw firm conclusions. However, we have illustrated multiple approaches adjusting for potential time-varying confounding in longitudinal studies and hope to replicate the approaches in larger studies.

Keywords: Anti-TNF; Infection; Inverse Probability Weighting; Rheumatoid Arthritis

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