Front Pharmacol. 2014 Jul 01;5:151. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2014.00151. eCollection 2014.
Frontiers in pharmacology
Vicent Ribas, Carmen García-Ruiz, José C Fernández-Checa
PMID: 25024695 PMCID: PMC4079069 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2014.00151
Glutathione (GSH) is the main non-protein thiol in cells whose functions are dependent on the redox-active thiol of its cysteine moiety that serves as a cofactor for a number of antioxidant and detoxifying enzymes. While synthesized exclusively in the cytosol from its constituent amino acids, GSH is distributed in different compartments, including mitochondria where its concentration in the matrix equals that of the cytosol. This feature and its negative charge at physiological pH imply the existence of specific carriers to import GSH from the cytosol to the mitochondrial matrix, where it plays a key role in defense against respiration-induced reactive oxygen species and in the detoxification of lipid hydroperoxides and electrophiles. Moreover, as mitochondria play a central strategic role in the activation and mode of cell death, mitochondrial GSH has been shown to critically regulate the level of sensitization to secondary hits that induce mitochondrial membrane permeabilization and release of proteins confined in the intermembrane space that once in the cytosol engage the molecular machinery of cell death. In this review, we summarize recent data on the regulation of mitochondrial GSH and its role in cell death and prevalent human diseases, such as cancer, fatty liver disease, and Alzheimer's disease.
Keywords: Alzheimer disease; cholesterol; glutathione; mitochondria; reactive oxygen species; steatohepatitis
