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Gu M, Yang H, Perea DE, et al. Bending-induced symmetry breaking of lithiation in germanium nanowires. Nano Lett. 2014;14(8):4622-7doi: 10.1021/nl501680w.
Gu, M., Yang, H., Perea, D. E., Zhang, J. G., Zhang, S., & Wang, C. M. (2014). Bending-induced symmetry breaking of lithiation in germanium nanowires. Nano letters, 14(8), 4622-7. https://doi.org/10.1021/nl501680w
Gu, Meng, et al. "Bending-induced symmetry breaking of lithiation in germanium nanowires." Nano letters vol. 14,8 (2014): 4622-7. doi: https://doi.org/10.1021/nl501680w
Gu M, Yang H, Perea DE, Zhang JG, Zhang S, Wang CM. Bending-induced symmetry breaking of lithiation in germanium nanowires. Nano Lett. 2014 Aug 13;14(8):4622-7. doi: 10.1021/nl501680w. Epub 2014 Jul 21. PMID: 25025296.
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Nano Lett. 2014 Aug 13;14(8):4622-7. doi: 10.1021/nl501680w. Epub 2014 Jul 21.

Bending-induced symmetry breaking of lithiation in germanium nanowires.

Nano letters

Meng Gu, Hui Yang, Daniel E Perea, Ji-Guang Zhang, Sulin Zhang, Chong-Min Wang

Affiliations

  1. Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory and §Energy and Environmental Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , 902 Battelle Boulevard, Richland, Washington 99352, United States.

PMID: 25025296 DOI: 10.1021/nl501680w

Abstract

From signal transduction of living cells to oxidation and corrosion of metals, mechanical stress intimately couples with chemical reactions, regulating these biological and physiochemical processes. The coupled effect is particularly evident in the electrochemical lithiation/delithiation cycling of high-capacity electrodes, such as silicon (Si), where on the one hand lithiation-generated stress mediates lithiation kinetics and on the other the electrochemical reaction rate regulates stress generation and mechanical failure of the electrodes. Here we report for the first time the evidence on the controlled lithiation in germanium nanowires (GeNWs) through external bending. Contrary to the symmetric core-shell lithiation in free-standing GeNWs, we show bending the GeNWs breaks the lithiation symmetry, speeding up lithaition at the tensile side while slowing down at the compressive side of the GeNWs. The bending-induced symmetry breaking of lithiation in GeNWs is further corroborated by chemomechanical modeling. In the light of the coupled effect between lithiation kinetics and mechanical stress in the electrochemical cycling, our findings shed light on strain/stress engineering of durable high-rate electrodes and energy harvesting through mechanical motion.

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