Display options
Cite
Alexander AG, Marfil V, Li C. Use of Caenorhabditis elegans as a model to study Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative diseases. Front Genet. 2014;5:279doi: 10.3389/fgene.2014.00279.
Alexander, A. G., Marfil, V., & Li, C. (2014). Use of Caenorhabditis elegans as a model to study Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative diseases. Frontiers in genetics, 5279. https://doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2014.00279
Alexander, Adanna G, et al. "Use of Caenorhabditis elegans as a model to study Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative diseases." Frontiers in genetics vol. 5 (2014): 279. doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2014.00279
Alexander AG, Marfil V, Li C. Use of Caenorhabditis elegans as a model to study Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative diseases. Front Genet. 2014 Sep 05;5:279. doi: 10.3389/fgene.2014.00279. eCollection 2014. PMID: 25250042; PMCID: PMC4155875.
Copy Download .nbib Format: NLM
Share it on

Front Genet. 2014 Sep 05;5:279. doi: 10.3389/fgene.2014.00279. eCollection 2014.

Use of Caenorhabditis elegans as a model to study Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative diseases.

Frontiers in genetics

Adanna G Alexander, Vanessa Marfil, Chris Li

Affiliations

  1. Department of Biology, City College of New York New York, NY, USA ; Department of Biology, The Graduate Center, City University of New York New York, NY, USA.
  2. Department of Biology, City College of New York New York, NY, USA.

PMID: 25250042 PMCID: PMC4155875 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2014.00279

Abstract

Advances in research and technology has increased our quality of life, allowed us to combat diseases, and achieve increased longevity. Unfortunately, increased longevity is accompanied by a rise in the incidences of age-related diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). AD is the sixth leading cause of death, and one of the leading causes of dementia amongst the aged population in the USA. It is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, characterized by the prevalence of extracellular Aβ plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles, derived from the proteolysis of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) and the hyperphosphorylation of microtubule-associated protein tau, respectively. Despite years of extensive research, the molecular mechanisms that underlie the pathology of AD remain unclear. Model organisms, such as the nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans, present a complementary approach to addressing these questions. C. elegans has many advantages as a model system to study AD and other neurodegenerative diseases. Like their mammalian counterparts, they have complex biochemical pathways, most of which are conserved. Genes in which mutations are correlated with AD have counterparts in C. elegans, including an APP-related gene, apl-1, a tau homolog, ptl-1, and presenilin homologs, such as sel-12 and hop-1. Since the neuronal connectivity in C. elegans has already been established, C. elegans is also advantageous in modeling learning and memory impairments seen during AD. This article addresses the insights C. elegans provide in studying AD and other neurodegenerative diseases. Additionally, we explore the advantages and drawbacks associated with using this model.

Keywords: ALS; Alzheimer’s disease; C. elegans; Parkinson disease; apl-1; model systems

References

  1. Dev Biol. 1977 Mar;56(1):110-56 - PubMed
  2. Nature. 2003 Jul 17;424(6946):277-83 - PubMed
  3. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988 Jun;85(11):4051-5 - PubMed
  4. Nature. 1995 Sep 28;377(6547):351-4 - PubMed
  5. Biochemistry. 2000 Mar 14;39(10):2552-63 - PubMed
  6. Biochem Soc Trans. 2010 Aug;38(4):973-6 - PubMed
  7. Ann Neurol. 1998 Jun;43(6):815-25 - PubMed
  8. J Cell Sci. 1996 Nov;109 ( Pt 11):2661-72 - PubMed
  9. Science. 1997 Jun 27;276(5321):2045-7 - PubMed
  10. Development. 2000 Jun;127(11):2481-92 - PubMed
  11. J Biol Chem. 1994 Jan 28;269(4):2637-44 - PubMed
  12. Neurobiol Aging. 2014 Apr;35(4):837-46 - PubMed
  13. Neurosci Lett. 2008 Jul 11;439(2):129-33 - PubMed
  14. Neuron. 2011 Oct 20;72(2):257-68 - PubMed
  15. J Biol Chem. 1984 Apr 25;259(8):5301-5 - PubMed
  16. J Neurosci. 2000 Nov 1;20(21):7951-63 - PubMed
  17. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003 Aug 19;100(17):9980-5 - PubMed
  18. Neuroscience. 1995 Apr;65(4):1009-25 - PubMed
  19. Neuron. 2010 Oct 21;68(2):201-6 - PubMed
  20. J Neurosci. 2001 Apr 15;21(8):2561-70 - PubMed
  21. EMBO J. 2011 Jun 1;30(11):2266-80 - PubMed
  22. Nature. 1994 Jun 9;369(6480):488-91 - PubMed
  23. Nature. 1991 Oct 31;353(6347):844-6 - PubMed
  24. Science. 1991 Oct 4;254(5028):97-9 - PubMed
  25. Nature. 2000 Sep 7;407(6800):48-54 - PubMed
  26. Rev Environ Health. 2009 Jul-Sep;24(3):231-48 - PubMed
  27. Endocrinology. 1998 Mar;139(3):1462-5 - PubMed
  28. Nature. 1991 Feb 21;349(6311):704-6 - PubMed
  29. J Biol Chem. 2008 Jan 11;283(2):784-91 - PubMed
  30. Curr Biol. 2001 Dec 11;11(24):1950-7 - PubMed
  31. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001 Jun 5;98(12):6923-8 - PubMed
  32. Genetics. 1998 Jul;149(3):1323-34 - PubMed
  33. Curr Opin Neurobiol. 1995 Oct;5(5):656-62 - PubMed
  34. Exp Gerontol. 2006 Oct;41(10):1007-13 - PubMed
  35. Dev Biol. 2005 Nov 1;287(1):1-10 - PubMed
  36. J Neurosci. 2011 Jun 22;31(25):9279-88 - PubMed
  37. FEBS Lett. 1992 Nov 2;312(1):95-9 - PubMed
  38. Mol Neurodegener. 2006 Aug 18;1:8 - PubMed
  39. Lab Invest. 1965 Apr;14:381-96 - PubMed
  40. Behav Genet. 1999 May;29(3):177-85 - PubMed
  41. Nature. 2000 Feb 24;403(6772):901-6 - PubMed
  42. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002 Jul 9;99(14):9439-44 - PubMed
  43. J Cell Sci. 2002 Apr 1;115(Pt 7):1411-22 - PubMed
  44. Neurobiol Dis. 2010 Feb;37(2):330-8 - PubMed
  45. Dev Biol. 2000 May 1;221(1):259-72 - PubMed
  46. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996 Dec 10;93(25):14940-4 - PubMed
  47. Genes Dev. 1998 Aug 15;12(16):2488-98 - PubMed
  48. Neuron. 1993 Jul;11(1):153-63 - PubMed
  49. Biochemistry. 2002 Feb 26;41(8):2825-35 - PubMed
  50. Neuroreport. 1995 May 9;6(7):1053-7 - PubMed
  51. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999 Jan 5;96(1):179-84 - PubMed
  52. Environ Res. 2012 Aug;117:112-9 - PubMed
  53. J Biol Chem. 1990 Aug 15;265(23):13849-55 - PubMed
  54. Nature. 1987 Feb 19-25;325(6106):733-6 - PubMed
  55. Neuron. 1991 Nov;7(5):729-42 - PubMed
  56. Cell. 2008 Jun 13;133(6):963-77 - PubMed
  57. Genetics. 2012 Jun;191(2):493-507 - PubMed
  58. Neurotoxicology. 2014 Mar;41:28-43 - PubMed
  59. Pediatr Neurol. 1997 Jul;17(1):37-43 - PubMed
  60. Brain Res. 1996 Nov 18;740(1-2):6-14 - PubMed
  61. Nat Genet. 1998 Feb;18(2):106-8 - PubMed
  62. EMBO Rep. 2001 Sep;2(9):835-41 - PubMed
  63. Genes Cells. 2011 Jun;16(6):639-51 - PubMed
  64. Acta Neuropathol. 1994;87(2):155-60 - PubMed
  65. PLoS Genet. 2008 Oct;4(10):e1000213 - PubMed
  66. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002 Dec 24;99(26):17131-6 - PubMed
  67. Nature. 2012 Aug 2;488(7409):96-9 - PubMed
  68. J Biol Chem. 1994 Jul 1;269(26):17741-8 - PubMed
  69. Am J Hum Genet. 1985 Mar;37(2):350-7 - PubMed
  70. Science. 1988 Apr 29;240(4852):622-30 - PubMed
  71. J Biol Chem. 2001 Sep 21;276(38):35235-8 - PubMed
  72. J Mol Neurosci. 2007;31(2):127-37 - PubMed
  73. Genetics. 1998 Sep;150(1):129-55 - PubMed
  74. Adv Protein Chem. 2005;71:257-98 - PubMed
  75. Neurology. 1992 Jun;42(6):1142-6 - PubMed
  76. Genes Dev. 2004 Oct 15;18(20):2474-8 - PubMed
  77. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1995 Sep 26;92(20):9368-72 - PubMed
  78. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2014 Jan 10;20(2):217-35 - PubMed
  79. Neurology. 1991 Mar;41(3):345-50 - PubMed
  80. J Cell Biol. 1985 Oct;101(4):1371-8 - PubMed
  81. PLoS One. 2012;7(2):e32038 - PubMed
  82. J Alzheimers Dis. 2005 Feb;7(1):63-80 - PubMed
  83. Annu Rev Neurosci. 2007;30:575-621 - PubMed
  84. J Neurosci. 2011 Feb 9;31(6):2216-24 - PubMed
  85. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 Jan 15;105(2):728-33 - PubMed
  86. Nat Genet. 2008 May;40(5):572-4 - PubMed
  87. Nature. 1995 Aug 31;376(6543):775-8 - PubMed
  88. Neurobiol Aging. 1997 Nov-Dec;18(6):661-9 - PubMed
  89. Am J Pathol. 1964 Apr;44(4):553-63 - PubMed
  90. Cell. 1996 Nov 1;87(3):493-506 - PubMed
  91. Ann Neurol. 2008 Apr;63(4):535-8 - PubMed
  92. J Neurosci. 2004 Apr 28;24(17):4259-65 - PubMed
  93. J Cell Biol. 2009 Sep 21;186(6):897-914 - PubMed
  94. Neuron. 1995 Apr;14(4):803-12 - PubMed
  95. Genesis. 2003 Apr;35(4):239-47 - PubMed
  96. J Neurosci. 2005 Nov 23;25(47):10884-93 - PubMed
  97. PLoS One. 2011;6(5):e20085 - PubMed
  98. Nat Med. 2008 Aug;14(8):837-42 - PubMed
  99. Neuron. 2006 Sep 7;51(5):613-25 - PubMed
  100. Development. 1991 May;112(1):231-40 - PubMed
  101. Science. 1968 May 17;160(3829):778-80 - PubMed
  102. Biochem J. 1998 Feb 15;330 ( Pt 1):513-9 - PubMed
  103. Dev Genes Evol. 2008 Oct;218(10):541-51 - PubMed
  104. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001 Nov 6;98(23):13318-23 - PubMed
  105. Nature. 1981 Apr 23;290(5808):668-71 - PubMed
  106. J Neurosci. 2010 Jun 9;30(23):8001-11 - PubMed
  107. J Cell Biol. 1991 Aug;114(4):725-33 - PubMed
  108. Neuron. 1992 Jan;8(1):159-68 - PubMed
  109. Genetics. 1995 Apr;139(4):1567-83 - PubMed
  110. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1994 Feb 15;91(4):1564-8 - PubMed
  111. Neurology. 1997 Oct;49(4):1048-53 - PubMed
  112. Science. 2008 Mar 21;319(5870):1668-72 - PubMed
  113. Neuron. 1995 Nov;15(5):1203-18 - PubMed
  114. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996 Apr 30;93(9):4229-34 - PubMed
  115. Hum Mol Genet. 2013 Jan 15;22(2):328-44 - PubMed
  116. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011 May 31;108(22):9274-9 - PubMed
  117. PLoS Genet. 2012 Jul;8(7):e1002806 - PubMed
  118. FEBS Lett. 1998 Aug 28;434(1-2):1-7 - PubMed
  119. Neuron. 1993 Jun;10(6):1089-99 - PubMed
  120. J Neurosci. 2005 Feb 2;25(5):1219-25 - PubMed
  121. Cell. 1983 Sep;34(2):435-44 - PubMed
  122. J Neurosci. 2006 Jul 19;26(29):7597-606 - PubMed
  123. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2005 Nov;18(6):628-32 - PubMed
  124. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993 Dec 15;90(24):12045-9 - PubMed
  125. Biochemistry. 1993 May 4;32(17):4481-6 - PubMed
  126. Hum Mol Genet. 2012 Aug 15;21(16):3587-603 - PubMed
  127. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996 Oct 1;93(20):10832-7 - PubMed
  128. PLoS One. 2012;7(3):e33494 - PubMed
  129. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1985 Jun;82(12):4245-9 - PubMed
  130. J Cell Sci. 1998 Dec 18;111 ( Pt 24):3645-54 - PubMed
  131. J Neurosci. 1985 Apr;5(4):956-64 - PubMed
  132. Neuron. 2011 Oct 20;72(2):245-56 - PubMed
  133. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2001 Jan 12;280(1):249-58 - PubMed
  134. J Cell Biol. 2009 Sep 21;186(6):881-95 - PubMed
  135. PLoS Genet. 2008 Mar 21;4(3):e1000027 - PubMed
  136. Neurobiol Dis. 2005 Nov;20(2):372-83 - PubMed
  137. J Biol Chem. 1997 Mar 7;272(10):6399-405 - PubMed
  138. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1984 Aug 16;122(3):1131-5 - PubMed
  139. Cell. 1995 Jul 28;82(2):331-40 - PubMed
  140. Nat Genet. 1998 Feb;18(2):150-4 - PubMed
  141. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 1986 Nov;45(6):647-64 - PubMed
  142. Ann Neurol. 2004 Feb;55(2):164-73 - PubMed
  143. Annu Rev Biochem. 2005;74:563-93 - PubMed
  144. Mol Biol Cell. 2004 Feb;15(2):657-64 - PubMed
  145. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2010;74(12):2497-500 - PubMed
  146. Development. 2006 Dec;133(23):4631-41 - PubMed
  147. J Biol Chem. 2005 Apr 29;280(17):17020-6 - PubMed
  148. Science. 1997 Nov 14;278(5341):1319-22 - PubMed
  149. J Neurosci. 2003 Apr 15;23(8):3272-7 - PubMed
  150. EMBO J. 1989 Feb;8(2):393-9 - PubMed
  151. Behav Neurosci. 1997 Apr;111(2):354-68 - PubMed
  152. Brain Res Mol Brain Res. 1991 Oct;11(3-4):249-54 - PubMed
  153. Nature. 1997 Oct 30;389(6654):994-9 - PubMed
  154. NeuroRx. 2004 Jan;1(1):139-54 - PubMed
  155. Nat Genet. 2008 Nov;40(11):1375-83 - PubMed
  156. Neuron. 2008 Jul 10;59(1):43-55 - PubMed
  157. J Cell Biol. 2008 Jan 28;180(2):357-73 - PubMed
  158. Ann Neurol. 2008 Apr;63(4):538-42 - PubMed
  159. Am J Pathol. 1964 Feb;44:269-97 - PubMed
  160. EMBO J. 2013 Nov 27;32(23):3041-54 - PubMed
  161. Autophagy. 2007 Jan-Feb;3(1):21-5 - PubMed
  162. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999 Mar 2;96(5):2497-502 - PubMed
  163. Development. 1995 Feb;121(2):263-71 - PubMed
  164. J Biol Chem. 2000 Mar 10;275(10):7410-5 - PubMed
  165. Science. 2006 Sep 15;313(5793):1604-10 - PubMed
  166. Genes Cells. 2000 Sep;5(9):711-23 - PubMed
  167. Science. 1988 Nov 11;242(4880):936-9 - PubMed
  168. J Neurochem. 2003 Jul;86(1):165-72 - PubMed
  169. Hum Mol Genet. 2011 May 15;20(10):1989-99 - PubMed
  170. Neuron. 2004 Aug 5;43(3):333-44 - PubMed
  171. J Cell Sci. 2013 May 1;126(Pt 9):2079-91 - PubMed
  172. Nat Genet. 2001 Jun;28(2):139-45 - PubMed
  173. Neurochem Int. 2013 Jun;62(7):940-7 - PubMed
  174. Science. 1995 Aug 18;269(5226):973-7 - PubMed
  175. Dev Disabil Res Rev. 2013;18(1):51-67 - PubMed
  176. PLoS One. 2010 Feb 19;5(2):e9312 - PubMed
  177. Dev Biol. 2008 Mar 15;315(2):418-25 - PubMed
  178. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997 Oct 28;94(22):12204-9 - PubMed
  179. Hum Mol Genet. 2014 Jul 1;23(13):3579-95 - PubMed
  180. Hum Mol Genet. 2009 May 15;18(10):1825-38 - PubMed
  181. Dev Biol. 1981 Mar;82(2):358-70 - PubMed
  182. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996 Aug 6;93(16):8460-4 - PubMed
  183. Trends Mol Med. 2006 Nov;12(11):521-8 - PubMed
  184. Genetics. 1974 May;77(1):71-94 - PubMed
  185. Biochem J. 1997 May 1;323 ( Pt 3):577-91 - PubMed
  186. Neurobiol Aging. 2009 Jan;30(1):22-33 - PubMed
  187. Biol Reprod. 1996 Sep;55(3):676-83 - PubMed
  188. Nature. 1996 Aug 8;382(6591):536-9 - PubMed
  189. PLoS Genet. 2013;9(9):e1003738 - PubMed
  190. Neurotoxicology. 2012 Oct;33(5):1021-32 - PubMed
  191. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1981 May;78(5):3010-4 - PubMed
  192. Nature. 1992 Dec 17;360(6405):674-7 - PubMed
  193. Neuron. 1996 Nov;17(5):1015-21 - PubMed
  194. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2006 Sep;7(9):710-23 - PubMed
  195. PLoS One. 2013 Dec 12;8(12):e83450 - PubMed
  196. Mol Reprod Dev. 1999 Jul;53(3):282-93 - PubMed
  197. Genetics. 1992 Jan;130(1):105-23 - PubMed
  198. J Cell Sci. 1991 Jan;98 ( Pt 1):27-36 - PubMed
  199. CNS Drugs. 2010 May;24(5):375-98 - PubMed
  200. Dev Cell. 2002 Jul;3(1):85-97 - PubMed
  201. J Biol Chem. 2003 Mar 7;278(10):7850-4 - PubMed
  202. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003 May 27;100(11):6382-7 - PubMed
  203. Biochemistry. 1996 Jul 23;35(29):9415-23 - PubMed
  204. Hum Mol Genet. 2010 Aug 15;19(16):3206-18 - PubMed
  205. Nature. 2001 Jul 5;412(6842):95-9 - PubMed
  206. J Neurosci. 1995 Oct;15(10):6314-26 - PubMed
  207. Hum Mol Genet. 2007 Aug 15;16(16):1959-71 - PubMed
  208. N Engl J Med. 1986 Nov 13;315(20):1267-76 - PubMed
  209. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 Feb 6;104(6):1971-6 - PubMed
  210. EMBO J. 2004 Oct 13;23(20):4106-15 - PubMed
  211. Nature. 1998 Apr 9;392(6676):605-8 - PubMed
  212. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002 Mar 5;99(5):3264-9 - PubMed
  213. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000 Jan 18;97(2):571-6 - PubMed
  214. Science. 1984 Oct 26;226(4673):409-16 - PubMed
  215. J Biol Chem. 2006 Jan 6;281(1):334-40 - PubMed
  216. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1998 Oct;9(10):1767-76 - PubMed
  217. Neurotoxicology. 2012 Jun;33(3):457-62 - PubMed
  218. Nature. 2001 Apr 5;410(6829):694-8 - PubMed
  219. Mol Neurodegener. 2012 Nov 21;7:57 - PubMed
  220. Hum Mutat. 2012 Sep;33(9):1340-4 - PubMed
  221. Nat Rev Neurol. 2011 Oct 11;7(11):639-49 - PubMed
  222. Nat Neurosci. 2013 Apr;16(4):394-406 - PubMed
  223. J Neurochem. 2005 Aug;94(3):774-85 - PubMed
  224. Brain. 1964 Jun;87:307-20 - PubMed
  225. Neuron. 1989 Oct;3(4):519-26 - PubMed
  226. Hum Mol Genet. 2005 Nov 15;14(22):3407-23 - PubMed
  227. Development. 2003 May;130(10):2117-28 - PubMed
  228. Am J Physiol. 1996 Oct;271(4 Pt 2):F900-7 - PubMed
  229. PLoS One. 2012;7(7):e42117 - PubMed
  230. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 1985 Nov;44(6):559-77 - PubMed
  231. J Biol Chem. 2005 May 20;280(20):20140-7 - PubMed
  232. Hear Res. 1999 Mar;129(1-2):83-91 - PubMed
  233. Am J Pathol. 1998 Nov;153(5):1359-63 - PubMed
  234. Genes Dev. 2000 Jun 1;14(11):1343-52 - PubMed
  235. Nat Genet. 1993 Nov;5(3):259-65 - PubMed
  236. Hum Mol Genet. 2008 May 15;17(10):1373-85 - PubMed
  237. Aging Cell. 2003 Apr;2(2):111-21 - PubMed
  238. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997 Jan 7;94(1):298-303 - PubMed
  239. Cell. 1993 Aug 13;74(3):515-27 - PubMed
  240. Genes Dev. 2004 Oct 15;18(20):2469-73 - PubMed
  241. Science. 1998 Dec 11;282(5396):2012-8 - PubMed
  242. J Neurosci. 2007 Jul 18;27(29):7817-26 - PubMed
  243. Hum Mol Genet. 2011 Oct 15;20(20):3933-42 - PubMed
  244. Cell. 1981 Apr;24(1):59-69 - PubMed
  245. Science. 1994 Jun 3;264(5164):1471-4 - PubMed
  246. Hum Mol Genet. 2012 Jan 1;21(1):1-9 - PubMed
  247. Neurobiol Dis. 2006 Jun;22(3):477-86 - PubMed
  248. Am J Med Genet A. 2004 Aug 15;129A(1):44-50 - PubMed
  249. Hum Mol Genet. 2008 Oct 1;17(19):2997-3009 - PubMed
  250. Nature. 1998 Jun 18;393(6686):702-5 - PubMed
  251. J Neurosci. 2012 Jun 27;32(26):8778-90 - PubMed
  252. Nat Med. 1996 Jul;2(7):783-7 - PubMed
  253. Cell. 1997 May 16;89(4):629-39 - PubMed
  254. J Biol Chem. 2009 Aug 21;284(34):22697-702 - PubMed
  255. Nature. 1992 Jun 11;357(6378):500-3 - PubMed
  256. Neurobiol Aging. 2001 Mar-Apr;22(2):217-26 - PubMed
  257. Cell. 1992 Oct 30;71(3):411-21 - PubMed
  258. Hum Mol Genet. 1996 Feb;5(2):177-85 - PubMed
  259. Cell. 1993 Mar 26;72(6):971-83 - PubMed
  260. Science. 2011 Dec 2;334(6060):1241-5 - PubMed
  261. Hum Genet. 1986 Jul;73(3):235-9 - PubMed
  262. FEBS Lett. 2000 Nov 3;484(2):98-101 - PubMed
  263. Curr Biol. 2001 Dec 11;11(24):1975-80 - PubMed
  264. BMC Genomics. 2012 Mar 13;13:91 - PubMed
  265. Nature. 2001 Mar 8;410(6825):227-30 - PubMed
  266. Amyotroph Lateral Scler. 2008 Aug;9(4):249-50 - PubMed
  267. Science. 1997 Aug 15;277(5328):942-6 - PubMed
  268. PLoS Genet. 2009 Mar;5(3):e1000399 - PubMed
  269. Dev Biol. 2010 Apr 15;340(2):605-12 - PubMed
  270. J Neurol Sci. 1993 Nov;119(2):203-8 - PubMed
  271. PLoS One. 2010 Sep 20;5(9): - PubMed
  272. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002 Jan 22;99(2):775-9 - PubMed
  273. PLoS One. 2011;6(12):e28074 - PubMed
  274. Development. 1999 Feb;126(3):597-606 - PubMed
  275. Protein Sci. 2009 Nov;18(11):2231-41 - PubMed
  276. Neurobiol Dis. 2009 Mar;33(3):369-78 - PubMed
  277. Nature. 2014 Mar 27;507(7493):448-54 - PubMed
  278. J Biol Chem. 1994 May 13;269(19):14227-34 - PubMed
  279. Science. 2003 May 16;300(5622):1142-5 - PubMed
  280. J Cell Sci. 2005 Jan 15;118(Pt 2):397-408 - PubMed
  281. Lancet Neurol. 2008 May;7(5):409-16 - PubMed
  282. J Neurochem. 1986 Jun;46(6):1820-34 - PubMed
  283. J Biol Chem. 2004 Oct 22;279(43):44533-43 - PubMed
  284. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992 Nov 15;89(22):10758-62 - PubMed
  285. Hum Mutat. 2009 Nov;30(11):E974-83 - PubMed
  286. J Neurosci. 2012 Jul 25;32(30):10156-69 - PubMed
  287. J Neurosci. 2006 Mar 8;26(10):2830-8 - PubMed
  288. Science. 1986 Apr 4;232(4746):34-47 - PubMed
  289. Nature. 1995 Jun 29;375(6534):754-60 - PubMed
  290. PLoS Genet. 2009 Jan;5(1):e1000350 - PubMed
  291. Dev Cell. 2001 Dec;1(6):841-51 - PubMed
  292. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988 Mar;85(6):1998-2002 - PubMed
  293. FASEB J. 2004 Apr;18(6):617-26 - PubMed
  294. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993 May 15;90(10):4572-6 - PubMed
  295. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2000;920:42-5 - PubMed
  296. J Biol Chem. 1980 Dec 10;255(23):11570-6 - PubMed
  297. Curr Opin Cell Biol. 2006 Aug;18(4):365-70 - PubMed
  298. Genes Dev. 1999 Jun 1;13(11):1438-52 - PubMed
  299. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 Nov 9;101(45):15949-54 - PubMed
  300. Genesis. 2003 Nov;37(3):139-43 - PubMed
  301. Science. 2006 Oct 6;314(5796):130-3 - PubMed
  302. J Cell Biol. 1992 Oct;119(1):55-68 - PubMed
  303. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2011 Oct 7;413(4):605-10 - PubMed
  304. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2000 Sep-Oct;11(5):286-93 - PubMed
  305. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990 Feb;87(4):1561-5 - PubMed
  306. Neuron. 1996 Jul;17(1):181-90 - PubMed
  307. Nat Genet. 2000 Jul;25(3):302-5 - PubMed
  308. Nat Genet. 1993 Sep;5(1):95-100 - PubMed
  309. Nat Genet. 2005 Apr;37(4):349-50 - PubMed
  310. Neurobiol Aging. 2012 Oct;33(10):2527.e1-2 - PubMed

Publication Types

Grant support