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Bowling M, Burch N, Johanson M, et al. Computer science. Heads-up limit hold'em poker is solved. Science. 2015;347(6218):145-9doi: 10.1126/science.1259433.
Bowling, M., Burch, N., Johanson, M., & Tammelin, O. (2015). Computer science. Heads-up limit hold'em poker is solved. Science (New York, N.Y.), 347(6218), 145-9. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1259433
Bowling, Michael, et al. "Computer science. Heads-up limit hold'em poker is solved." Science (New York, N.Y.) vol. 347,6218 (2015): 145-9. doi: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1259433
Bowling M, Burch N, Johanson M, Tammelin O. Computer science. Heads-up limit hold'em poker is solved. Science. 2015 Jan 09;347(6218):145-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1259433. PMID: 25574016.
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Science. 2015 Jan 09;347(6218):145-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1259433.

Computer science. Heads-up limit hold'em poker is solved.

Science (New York, N.Y.)

Michael Bowling, Neil Burch, Michael Johanson, Oskari Tammelin

Affiliations

  1. Department of Computing Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E8, Canada. [email protected].
  2. Department of Computing Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E8, Canada.
  3. Unaffiliated; http://jeskola.net.

PMID: 25574016 DOI: 10.1126/science.1259433

Abstract

Poker is a family of games that exhibit imperfect information, where players do not have full knowledge of past events. Whereas many perfect-information games have been solved (e.g., Connect Four and checkers), no nontrivial imperfect-information game played competitively by humans has previously been solved. Here, we announce that heads-up limit Texas hold'em is now essentially weakly solved. Furthermore, this computation formally proves the common wisdom that the dealer in the game holds a substantial advantage. This result was enabled by a new algorithm, CFR(+), which is capable of solving extensive-form games orders of magnitude larger than previously possible.

Copyright © 2015, American Association for the Advancement of Science.

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