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Gupta A, Gupta R, Sharma KK, et al. Prevalence of diabetes and cardiovascular risk factors in middle-class urban participants in India. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care. 2014;2(1):e000048doi: 10.1136/bmjdrc-2014-000048.
Gupta, A., Gupta, R., Sharma, K. K., Lodha, S., Achari, V., Asirvatham, A. J., Bhansali, A., Gupta, B., Gupta, S., Jali, M. V., Mahanta, T. G., Maheshwari, A., Saboo, B., Singh, J., & Deedwania, P. C. (2014). Prevalence of diabetes and cardiovascular risk factors in middle-class urban participants in India. BMJ open diabetes research & care, 2(1), e000048. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjdrc-2014-000048
Gupta, Arvind, et al. "Prevalence of diabetes and cardiovascular risk factors in middle-class urban participants in India." BMJ open diabetes research & care vol. 2,1 (2014): e000048. doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjdrc-2014-000048
Gupta A, Gupta R, Sharma KK, Lodha S, Achari V, Asirvatham AJ, Bhansali A, Gupta B, Gupta S, Jali MV, Mahanta TG, Maheshwari A, Saboo B, Singh J, Deedwania PC. Prevalence of diabetes and cardiovascular risk factors in middle-class urban participants in India. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care. 2014 Dec 04;2(1):e000048. doi: 10.1136/bmjdrc-2014-000048. eCollection 2014. PMID: 25489485; PMCID: PMC4256307.
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BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care. 2014 Dec 04;2(1):e000048. doi: 10.1136/bmjdrc-2014-000048. eCollection 2014.

Prevalence of diabetes and cardiovascular risk factors in middle-class urban participants in India.

BMJ open diabetes research & care

Arvind Gupta, Rajeev Gupta, Krishna Kumar Sharma, Sailesh Lodha, Vijay Achari, Arthur J Asirvatham, Anil Bhansali, Balkishan Gupta, Sunil Gupta, Mallikarjuna V Jali, Tulika G Mahanta, Anuj Maheshwari, Banshi Saboo, Jitendra Singh, Prakash C Deedwania

Affiliations

  1. Department of Diabetes , Jaipur Diabetes Research Centre , Jaipur, Rajasthan , India.
  2. Departments of Medicine and Endocrinology , Fortis Escorts Hospital , Jaipur, Rajasthan , India.
  3. Department of Pharmacy , SMS Medical College, Rajasthan University of Health Sciences , Jaipur, Rajasthan , India.
  4. Department of Medicine , Patna Medical College , Patna, Bihar , India.
  5. Department of Medicine , Government Medical College , Madurai, Tamil Nadu , India.
  6. Department of Endocrinology , Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research , Chandigarh , India.
  7. Department of Medicine , SP Medical College , Bikaner, Rajasthan , India.
  8. Department of Diabetes , Diabetes Care and Research Centre , Nagpur, Maharashtra , India.
  9. Department of Medicine , JN Medical College , Belgaum, Karnataka , India.
  10. Department of Community Medicine , Assam Medical College , Dibrugarh, Assam , India.
  11. Department of Medicine , BBD College of Dental Sciences , Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh , India.
  12. Department of Diabetes , DiaCare and Research , Ahmadabad, Gujarat , India.
  13. Department of Medicine , Government Medical College , Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir , India.
  14. Department of Cardiology , University of California San Francisco VA Medical Center , Fresno, California , USA.

PMID: 25489485 PMCID: PMC4256307 DOI: 10.1136/bmjdrc-2014-000048

Abstract

OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence of diabetes and awareness, treatment and control of cardiovascular risk factors in population-based participants in India.

METHODS: A study was conducted in 11 cities in different regions of India using cluster sampling. Participants were evaluated for demographic, biophysical, and biochemical risk factors. 6198 participants were recruited, and in 5359 participants (86.4%, men 55%), details of diabetes (known or fasting glucose >126 mg/dL), hypertension (known or blood pressure >140/>90 mm Hg), hypercholesterolemia (cholesterol >200 mg/dL), low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (men <40, women <50 mg/dL), hypertriglyceridemia (>150 mg/dL), and smoking/tobacco use were available. Details of awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension and hypercholesterolemia were also obtained.

RESULTS: The age-adjusted prevalence (%) of diabetes was 15.7 (95% CI 14.8 to 16.6; men 16.7, women 14.4) and that of impaired fasting glucose was 17.8 (16.8 to 18.7; men 17.7, women 18.0). In participants with diabetes, 27.6% were undiagnosed, drug treatment was in 54.1% and control (fasting glucose ≤130 mg/dL) in 39.6%. Among participants with diabetes versus those without, prevalence of hypertension was 73.1 (67.2 to 75.0) vs 26.5 (25.2 to 27.8), hypercholesterolemia 41.4 (38.3 to 44.5) vs 14.7 (13.7 to 15.7), hypertriglyceridemia 71.0 (68.1 to 73.8) vs 30.2 (28.8 to 31.5), low HDL cholesterol 78.5 (75.9 to 80.1) vs 37.1 (35.7 to 38.5), and smoking/smokeless tobacco use in 26.6 (23.8 to 29.4) vs 14.4 (13.4 to 15.4; p<0.001). Awareness, treatment, and control, respectively, of hypertension were 79.9%, 48.7%, and 40.7% and those of hypercholesterolemia were 61.0%, 19.1%, and 45.9%, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS: In the urban Indian middle class, more than a quarter of patients with diabetes are undiagnosed and the status of control is low. Cardiovascular risk factors-hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, low HDL cholesterol, hypertriglyceridemia, and smoking/smokeless tobacco use-are highly prevalent. There is low awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension and hypercholesterolemia in patients with diabetes.

Keywords: Cardiovascular; Hypercholesterolemia; Hypertension

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