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Wisecaver JH, Rokas A. Fungal metabolic gene clusters-caravans traveling across genomes and environments. Front Microbiol. 2015;6:161doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00161.
Wisecaver, J. H., & Rokas, A. (2015). Fungal metabolic gene clusters-caravans traveling across genomes and environments. Frontiers in microbiology, 6161. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2015.00161
Wisecaver, Jennifer H, and Rokas, Antonis. "Fungal metabolic gene clusters-caravans traveling across genomes and environments." Frontiers in microbiology vol. 6 (2015): 161. doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2015.00161
Wisecaver JH, Rokas A. Fungal metabolic gene clusters-caravans traveling across genomes and environments. Front Microbiol. 2015 Mar 03;6:161. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00161. eCollection 2015. PMID: 25784900; PMCID: PMC4347624.
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Front Microbiol. 2015 Mar 03;6:161. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00161. eCollection 2015.

Fungal metabolic gene clusters-caravans traveling across genomes and environments.

Frontiers in microbiology

Jennifer H Wisecaver, Antonis Rokas

Affiliations

  1. Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Nashville, TN, USA.

PMID: 25784900 PMCID: PMC4347624 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00161

Abstract

Metabolic gene clusters (MGCs), physically co-localized genes participating in the same metabolic pathway, are signature features of fungal genomes. MGCs are most often observed in specialized metabolism, having evolved in individual fungal lineages in response to specific ecological needs, such as the utilization of uncommon nutrients (e.g., galactose and allantoin) or the production of secondary metabolic antimicrobial compounds and virulence factors (e.g., aflatoxin and melanin). A flurry of recent studies has shown that several MGCs, whose functions are often associated with fungal virulence as well as with the evolutionary arms race between fungi and their competitors, have experienced horizontal gene transfer (HGT). In this review, after briefly introducing HGT as a source of gene innovation, we examine the evidence for HGT's involvement on the evolution of MGCs and, more generally of fungal metabolism, enumerate the molecular mechanisms that mediate such transfers and the ecological circumstances that favor them, as well as discuss the types of evidence required for inferring the presence of HGT in MGCs. The currently available examples indicate that transfers of entire MGCs have taken place between closely related fungal species as well as distant ones and that they sometimes involve large chromosomal segments. These results suggest that the HGT-mediated acquisition of novel metabolism is an ongoing and successful ecological strategy for many fungal species.

Keywords: comparative genomics; gene innovation; horizontal gene transfer; metabolic gene cluster; microbial ecology; physical linkage; secondary metabolism; specialized metabolism

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