Display options
Share it on

Med Gas Res. 2014 May 20;4:10. doi: 10.1186/2045-9912-4-10. eCollection 2014.

A systematic review of neuroprotective strategies after cardiac arrest: from bench to bedside (part II-comprehensive protection).

Medical gas research

Lei Huang, Patricia M Applegate, Jason W Gatling, Dustin B Mangus, John Zhang, Richard L Applegate

Affiliations

  1. Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, 11041 Campus Street, Loma Linda, CA, USA ; Department of Basic Sciences, Division of Physiology and Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, 11041 Campus Street, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
  2. Department of Cardiology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, 11201 Benton St, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
  3. Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, 11041 Campus Street, Loma Linda, CA, USA.
  4. Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, 11041 Campus Street, Loma Linda, CA, USA ; Department of Basic Sciences, Division of Physiology and Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, 11041 Campus Street, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA ; Department of Neurosurgery, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, 11041 Campus Street, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.

PMID: 25671079 PMCID: PMC4322492 DOI: 10.1186/2045-9912-4-10

Abstract

Neurocognitive deficits remain a significant source of morbidity in survivors of cardiac arrest. We conducted a literature review of treatment protocols designed to evaluate neurologic outcome and survival following global cerebral ischemia associated with cardiac arrest. The search was limited to investigational therapies that were implemented either during cardiopulmonary resuscitation or after return of spontaneous circulation in studies that included assessment of impact on neurologic outcome. Given that complex pathophysiology underlies global brain hypoxic ischemia following cardiac arrest, neuroprotective strategies targeting multiple stages of neuropathologic cascades should promise to improve survival and neurologic outcomes in cardiac arrest victims. In Part II of this review, we discuss several approaches that can provide comprehensive protection against global brain injury associated with cardiac arrest, by modulating multiple targets of neuropathologic cascades. Pharmaceutical approaches include adenosine and growth factors/hormones including brain-derived neurotrophic factor, insulin-like growth factor-1 and glycine-proline-glutamate, granulocyte colony stimulating factor and estrogen. Preclinical studies of these showed some benefit but were inconclusive in models of global brain injury involving systemic ischemia. Several medical gases that can mediate neuroprotection have been evaluated in experimental settings. These include hydrogen sulfide, hyperbaric oxygen and molecular hydrogen. Hyperbaric oxygen and molecular hydrogen showed promising results; however, further investigation is required prior to clinical application of these agents in cardiac arrest patients.

Keywords: Cardiac arrest; Comprehensive neuroprotection; Global brain injury; Hydrogen gas; Hydrogen sulfide; Hyperbaric oxygen; Model; Pharmaceutical

References

  1. Crit Care Med. 2005 Jul;33(7):1595-602 - PubMed
  2. Crit Care Med. 1992 Nov;20(11):1588-94 - PubMed
  3. J Neurosci. 2012 Apr 4;32(14 ):4887-900 - PubMed
  4. Stroke. 2006 Jul;37(7):1654; author reply 1655 - PubMed
  5. Acad Emerg Med. 2013 Apr;20(4):344-51 - PubMed
  6. CNS Neurosci Ther. 2011 Aug;17(4):250-5 - PubMed
  7. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1999;890:79-92 - PubMed
  8. Endocrine. 2002 Dec;19(3):239-48 - PubMed
  9. Transl Stroke Res. 2012 Dec 1;3(4):500-507 - PubMed
  10. Resuscitation. 2013 May;84(5):684-9 - PubMed
  11. J Am Heart Assoc. 2012 Oct;1(5):e003459 - PubMed
  12. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2000 Apr;20(4):631-52 - PubMed
  13. Resuscitation. 2012 Oct;83(10):1292-7 - PubMed
  14. Circulation. 2007 Apr 10;115(14):1895-903 - PubMed
  15. Stroke. 2006 Apr;37(4):1123-8 - PubMed
  16. Steroids. 2009 Jul;74(7):555-61 - PubMed
  17. JAMA. 1993 Jan 13;269(2):237-42 - PubMed
  18. Neurol Res. 2009 Mar;31(2):114-21 - PubMed
  19. Cerebrovasc Brain Metab Rev. 1989 Spring;1(1):26-54 - PubMed
  20. CMAJ. 2006 Mar 28;174(7):927-33 - PubMed
  21. Resuscitation. 2011 Aug;82(8):1076-80 - PubMed
  22. Crit Care Clin. 2012 Apr;28(2):231-43 - PubMed
  23. Circulation. 2013 Jan 1;127(1):e6-e245 - PubMed
  24. Nat Med. 2007 Jun;13(6):688-94 - PubMed
  25. Crit Care Med. 2004 Sep;32(9 Suppl):S359-65 - PubMed
  26. Pathophysiology. 2005 Jul;12(1):63-77 - PubMed
  27. Stroke. 2006 Mar;37(3):889-93 - PubMed
  28. Brain Res. 2007 Mar 9;1136(1):200-7 - PubMed
  29. Med Gas Res. 2013 May 16;3(1):10 - PubMed
  30. J Neurosci. 2002 Oct 15;22(20):8922-31 - PubMed
  31. Stroke. 2003 May;34(5):1311-6 - PubMed
  32. Neurol Clin. 2008 May;26(2):487-506, ix - PubMed
  33. J Neurosci Res. 1999 Apr 1;56(1):21-7 - PubMed
  34. Circulation. 2009 Sep 8;120(10):888-96 - PubMed
  35. Saudi Pharm J. 2013 Jul;21(3):245-53 - PubMed
  36. Resuscitation. 2013 May;84(5):690-5 - PubMed
  37. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2003 Sep 19;309(2):368-76 - PubMed
  38. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2003 Aug;5(4):493-501 - PubMed
  39. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2009 Feb;29(2):277-86 - PubMed
  40. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2011 Sep;38(9):577-85 - PubMed
  41. Surg Neurol. 1998 Apr;49(4):412-6 - PubMed
  42. Neurochem Int. 2014 Jan;64:37-47 - PubMed
  43. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2011;51:169-87 - PubMed
  44. Biomed Rep. 2013 Mar;1(2):167-176 - PubMed
  45. Neurol Res. 2001 Mar-Apr;23(2-3):183-9 - PubMed
  46. Circulation. 2000 Aug 22;102(8 Suppl):I1-11 - PubMed
  47. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2012 May;1820(5):586-94 - PubMed
  48. Resuscitation. 2009 Apr;80(4):478-83 - PubMed
  49. Shock. 2010 Aug;34(2):190-5 - PubMed
  50. J Neurosci. 1996 Feb 1;16(3):1066-71 - PubMed
  51. Stroke. 1995 Dec;26(12):2307-12 - PubMed
  52. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2010 May 1;12(9):1111-23 - PubMed
  53. Mol Neurobiol. 2003 Apr;27(2):153-62 - PubMed
  54. Brain Res Dev Brain Res. 2002 Mar 31;134(1-2):115-22 - PubMed
  55. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2003 Jul;14(5):228-35 - PubMed
  56. Brain Res. 2006 Feb 3;1071(1):208-17 - PubMed
  57. Eur J Pharmacol. 1999 Apr 23;371(1):85-102 - PubMed
  58. J Mol Med (Berl). 2012 Mar;90(3):255-63 - PubMed

Publication Types