Display options
Cite
Nigam SK, Venkatakrishna-Bhatt H. Analysis and Toxicity of Plain (PMP) and Blended (PMT) Indian Pan Masala (PM). Eurasian J Med. 2013;45(1):21-33doi: 10.5152/eajm.2013.04.
Nigam, S. K., & Venkatakrishna-Bhatt, H. (2013). Analysis and Toxicity of Plain (PMP) and Blended (PMT) Indian Pan Masala (PM). The Eurasian journal of medicine, 45(1), 21-33. https://doi.org/10.5152/eajm.2013.04
Nigam, Suresh Kumar, and Venkatakrishna-Bhatt, H. "Analysis and Toxicity of Plain (PMP) and Blended (PMT) Indian Pan Masala (PM)." The Eurasian journal of medicine vol. 45,1 (2013): 21-33. doi: https://doi.org/10.5152/eajm.2013.04
Nigam SK, Venkatakrishna-Bhatt H. Analysis and Toxicity of Plain (PMP) and Blended (PMT) Indian Pan Masala (PM). Eurasian J Med. 2013 Feb;45(1):21-33. doi: 10.5152/eajm.2013.04. PMID: 25610244; PMCID: PMC4261503.
Copy Download .nbib Format: NLM
Share it on

Eurasian J Med. 2013 Feb;45(1):21-33. doi: 10.5152/eajm.2013.04.

Analysis and Toxicity of Plain (PMP) and Blended (PMT) Indian Pan Masala (PM).

The Eurasian journal of medicine

Suresh Kumar Nigam, H Venkatakrishna-Bhatt

Affiliations

  1. Emeritus Scientist's Laboratory and Department of Neurobehavioural Toxicology, National Institute of Occupational Health(NIOH), Meghani Nagar, Gujarat, India.
  2. Department of Neurobehavioural Toxicology, NIOH, Meghani Nagar, Gujarat, India.

PMID: 25610244 PMCID: PMC4261503 DOI: 10.5152/eajm.2013.04

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: Betel leaf combined with areca nut is known as betel quid pan masala (PM), and tobacco with areca nut, catechu and lime is pan masala (PMT) blended with gulkhand. These narcotics are popular among young and old individuals. A prima facia chemical analysis and a toxicity assessment of PM in mice were conducted to study the relationship between longtime consumption of PM and health hazards.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Chemical analysis of different types of PM was done employing HPLC, GLC, AAS, ES, TLC, GCMS and sequential extraction for PAH, pesticides, metals and minerals, electrolytes, drugs and xenobiotics. Ethanolic PM extracts were tested by IP and PO routes in inbred Swiss mice.

RESULTS: PAH, which are known xenobiotics for pre-cancerous lesions, were significantly high (p<0.01) in Rajaniganda and Pan Parag Zarda. Isomers of DDT and BHC, which principally act on nerves and muscles, were also high (p<0.01) in PM. The enhanced metal and mineral content of PM results in massive oral fibrosis. There is a high level of narcotics in PM, especially nicotine, a potentially cancerous agent in the gastrointestinal tract.

CONCLUSION: Experimental studies with different extracts of plain and blended PM in mice fed for 16 and 90 days revealed no effect on blood and organ weights (kidney, heart, spleen and liver), but we did observe attenuated testis. However, in the bone marrow of the mice, chromosomes were most affected in the mice fed PM-Zarda blend for 3 months. The chromosomal abnormalities included ploidy, loss, breaks, gaps, deletions and exchanges in ring chromosomes. The PM caused sperm head anomalies (narrow, blunt, triangular and banana shapes), and the sperm were irregular, amorphous, tailless and rudimentary, with the maximum effect among the groups fed PM for 3 months. Significantly higher levels (p<0.01) of testis glycogen, cholesterol and protein were found. The group fed for 16 days showed no change in red blood corpuscles (RBC), white blood corpuscles (WBC), hemoglobin and erythrocyte sedimentation counts.

Keywords: Indian Pan Masala; Narcotics; Public health; Toxicity

References

  1. Food Chem Toxicol. 1993 Jun;31(6):439-42 - PubMed
  2. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1984 Feb;22(1):56-64 - PubMed
  3. Br J Cancer. 1966 Mar;20(1):12-5 - PubMed
  4. Eur J Epidemiol. 1990 Jun;6(2):219-22 - PubMed
  5. Int J Cancer. 1976 Apr 15;17(4):469-76 - PubMed
  6. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 1992;118(4):283-8 - PubMed
  7. Cancer Lett. 1988 Jan;38(3):357-64 - PubMed
  8. Mutat Res. 1990 Aug;241(4):349-54 - PubMed
  9. Indian J Med Res. 1991 Apr;94:119-24 - PubMed
  10. Indian J Med Res. 1989 Apr;90:131-4 - PubMed
  11. J Biol Chem. 1949 Feb;177(2):751-66 - PubMed
  12. Cancer. 1971 Jul;28(1):244-52 - PubMed
  13. S Afr Med J. 1988 Dec 3;74(11):572-5 - PubMed
  14. Environ Health Perspect. 1992 Nov;98:203-5 - PubMed
  15. Carcinogenesis. 1986 Jan;7(1):37-9 - PubMed
  16. Indian J Med Res. 1970 Oct;58(10 ):1361-91 - PubMed
  17. Food Chem Toxicol. 1992 Feb;30(2):161-3 - PubMed
  18. Bull World Health Organ. 1984;62(6):817-30 - PubMed

Publication Types