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Pihlajoki M, Dörner J, Cochran RS, et al. Adrenocortical zonation, renewal, and remodeling. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2015;6:27doi: 10.3389/fendo.2015.00027.
Pihlajoki, M., Dörner, J., Cochran, R. S., Heikinheimo, M., & Wilson, D. B. (2015). Adrenocortical zonation, renewal, and remodeling. Frontiers in endocrinology, 627. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2015.00027
Pihlajoki, Marjut, et al. "Adrenocortical zonation, renewal, and remodeling." Frontiers in endocrinology vol. 6 (2015): 27. doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2015.00027
Pihlajoki M, Dörner J, Cochran RS, Heikinheimo M, Wilson DB. Adrenocortical zonation, renewal, and remodeling. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2015 Mar 05;6:27. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2015.00027. eCollection 2015. PMID: 25798129; PMCID: PMC4350438.
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Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2015 Mar 05;6:27. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2015.00027. eCollection 2015.

Adrenocortical zonation, renewal, and remodeling.

Frontiers in endocrinology

Marjut Pihlajoki, Julia Dörner, Rebecca S Cochran, Markku Heikinheimo, David B Wilson

Affiliations

  1. Helsinki University Central Hospital, Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki , Helsinki , Finland.
  2. Hochschule Mannheim - University of Applied Sciences , Mannheim , Germany ; St. Louis Children's Hospital, Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis, MO , USA.
  3. St. Louis Children's Hospital, Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis, MO , USA.
  4. Helsinki University Central Hospital, Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki , Helsinki , Finland ; St. Louis Children's Hospital, Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis, MO , USA.

PMID: 25798129 PMCID: PMC4350438 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2015.00027

Abstract

The adrenal cortex is divided into concentric zones. In humans the major cortical zones are the zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, and zona reticularis. The adrenal cortex is a dynamic organ in which senescent cells are replaced by newly differentiated ones. This constant renewal facilitates organ remodeling in response to physiological demand for steroids. Cortical zones can reversibly expand, contract, or alter their biochemical profiles to accommodate needs. Pools of stem/progenitor cells in the adrenal capsule, subcapsular region, and juxtamedullary region can differentiate to repopulate or expand zones. Some of these pools appear to be activated only during specific developmental windows or in response to extreme physiological demand. Senescent cells can also be replenished through direct lineage conversion; for example, cells in the zona glomerulosa can transform into cells of the zona fasciculata. Adrenocortical cell differentiation, renewal, and function are regulated by a variety of endocrine/paracrine factors including adrenocorticotropin, angiotensin II, insulin-related growth hormones, luteinizing hormone, activin, and inhibin. Additionally, zonation and regeneration of the adrenal cortex are controlled by developmental signaling pathways, such as the sonic hedgehog, delta-like homolog 1, fibroblast growth factor, and WNT/β-catenin pathways. The mechanisms involved in adrenocortical remodeling are complex and redundant so as to fulfill the offsetting goals of organ homeostasis and stress adaptation.

Keywords: adrenal cortex; hormone; plasticity; stem cell; steroid; steroidogenesis

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