J Chem Biol. 2015 Jan 20;8(2):45-59. doi: 10.1007/s12154-014-0127-8. eCollection 2015 Apr.
A review of characterization of tocotrienols from plant oils and foods.
Journal of chemical biology
Haseeb Ahsan, Amjid Ahad, Waseem A Siddiqui
Affiliations
Affiliations
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025 India.
- Lipid Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi, 110062 India.
- Lipid Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi, 110062 India ; Lipid Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi, 110062 India.
PMID: 25870713
PMCID: PMC4392014 DOI: 10.1007/s12154-014-0127-8
Abstract
Tocotrienols, members of the vitamin E family, are natural compounds found in a number of vegetable oils, wheat germ, barley and certain types of nuts and grains. Vegetable oils provide the best sources of these vitamin E forms, particularly palm oil and rice bran oil contain higher amounts of tocotrienols. Other sources of tocotrienols include grape fruit seed oil, oats, hazelnuts, maize, olive oil, buckthorn berry, rye, flax seed oil, poppy seed oil and sunflower oil. Tocotrienols are of four types, viz. alpha (α), beta (β), gamma (γ) and delta (δ). Unlike tocopherols, tocotrienols are unsaturated and possess an isoprenoid side chain. A number of researchers have developed methods for the extraction, analysis, identification and quantification of different types of vitamin E compounds. This article constitutes an in-depth review of the chemistry and extraction of the unsaturated vitamin E derivatives, tocotrienols, from various sources using different methods. This review article lists the different techniques that are used in the characterization and purification of tocotrienols such as soxhlet and solid-liquid extractions, saponification method, chromatography (thin layer, column chromatography, gas chromatography, supercritical fluid, high performance), capillary electrochromatography and mass spectrometry. Some of the methods described were able to identify one form or type while others could analyse all the analogues of tocotrienol molecules. Hence, this article will be helpful in understanding the various methods used in the characterization of this lesser known vitamin E variant.
Keywords: Chromatography; Electrochromatography; Extraction; Mass spectrometry; Saponification; Tocotrienols
References
- Mol Aspects Med. 2007 Oct-Dec;28(5-6):692-728 - PubMed
- J Am Oil Chem Soc. 1977 Oct;54(10):421-3 - PubMed
- Electrophoresis. 2005 Feb;26(4-5):798-803 - PubMed
- Anal Biochem. 1986 Aug 15;157(1):106-16 - PubMed
- Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom. 2003;17(24):2797-803 - PubMed
- Free Radic Biol Med. 2003 Feb 1;34(3):330-6 - PubMed
- J Nutr. 1997 Mar;127(3):544S-548S - PubMed
- Br J Nutr. 1961;15:253-7 - PubMed
- Anal Bioanal Chem. 2004 Feb;378(4):987-94 - PubMed
- Molecules. 2010 Mar 24;15(4):2103-13 - PubMed
- Nutr Rev. 1975 Jun;33(6):176-7 - PubMed
- Anal Biochem. 2001 Feb 1;289(1):89-95 - PubMed
- J Chromatogr A. 2000 Jun 9;881(1-2):131-48 - PubMed
- Anal Chim Acta. 2007 Mar 28;587(2):216-21 - PubMed
- Am J Clin Nutr. 2001 Dec;74(6):714-22 - PubMed
- J Neurochem. 2010 Mar;112(5):1249-60 - PubMed
- J Agric Food Chem. 2006 May 3;54(9):3351-6 - PubMed
- Anal Sci. 2005 Dec;21(12):1545-8 - PubMed
- J Am Oil Chem Soc. 1979 Jan;56(1):33-5 - PubMed
- J Med Chem. 1994 Feb 18;37(4):526-41 - PubMed
- J Chromatogr A. 1996 Jan 5;719(1):221-7 - PubMed
- Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2008 Feb;294(2):H970-8 - PubMed
- J Chromatogr A. 2002 Mar 8;949(1-2):195-207 - PubMed
- J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2009 May 1;49(4):950-6 - PubMed
- Lipids. 2005 Apr;40(4):429-32 - PubMed
- Anal Biochem. 1989 Aug 1;180(2):368-73 - PubMed
- J Chromatogr. 1993 Sep 8;619(1):37-48 - PubMed
- J Agric Food Chem. 2010 Jan 27;58(2):757-61 - PubMed
- J Agric Food Chem. 2008 Aug 13;56(15):6701-6 - PubMed
- Lipids. 1997 Mar;32(3):323-30 - PubMed
- J Chromatogr A. 2000 Jun 9;881(1-2):197-216 - PubMed
- Anal Chem. 1998 Oct 15;70(20):4394-400 - PubMed
- Free Radic Biol Med. 1991;10(5):263-75 - PubMed
- J Chromatogr A. 2011 Jul 22;1218(29):4709-13 - PubMed
- BMJ. 2013 Jan 18;346:f10 - PubMed
- J Chromatogr Sci. 2004 Nov-Dec;42(10 ):536-9 - PubMed
- Life Sci. 2006 Mar 27;78(18):2088-98 - PubMed
- J Chromatogr. 1992 Nov 20;625(2):372-6 - PubMed
- J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl. 1998 Apr 10;707(1-2):69-79 - PubMed
- J Chromatogr A. 2001 Feb 16;909(2):215-23 - PubMed
- Methods Enzymol. 1994;234:354-66 - PubMed
- J Chromatogr. 1987 Mar 6;414(2):440-8 - PubMed
- J Lipid Res. 1980 Aug;21(6):780-3 - PubMed
- J Med Chem. 1992 Oct 2;35(20):3595-606 - PubMed
- Anal Chem. 1999 May 1;71(9):1780-5 - PubMed
- J Biol Chem. 1986 Aug 15;261(23):10544-50 - PubMed
- Anal Bioanal Chem. 2011 Nov;401(9):2843-54 - PubMed
- Lipids. 1996 Jul;31(7):671-701 - PubMed
- J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 1993 Jun;39(3):207-19 - PubMed
- Biochem Pharmacol. 2010 Dec 1;80(11):1613-31 - PubMed
- Anal Biochem. 2002 Feb 1;301(1):128-35 - PubMed
- J Chromatogr. 1993 Oct 29;620(2):268-72 - PubMed
- J Am Oil Chem Soc. 1974 Apr;51(4):184-7 - PubMed
- J Chromatogr A. 2003 Mar 7;989(1):19-29 - PubMed
- J Chromatogr. 1987 Oct 9;421(1):71-82 - PubMed
- Genes Nutr. 2012 Jan;7(1):43-52 - PubMed
- Methods Enzymol. 1999;299:341-8 - PubMed
- J Chromatogr A. 2004 Feb 6;1025(2):313-7 - PubMed
- Analyst. 1986 Jun;111(6):601-4 - PubMed
- J Chromatogr A. 2001 Apr 13;913(1-2):379-86 - PubMed
- Anal Biochem. 1969 Oct 15;32(1):81-90 - PubMed
- J Chromatogr A. 1997 Nov 7;787(1-2):111-8 - PubMed
- Methods Enzymol. 1994;234:294-302 - PubMed
- Free Radic Biol Med. 2000 Nov 1;29(9):834-45 - PubMed
- Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom. 2003;17(7):723-7 - PubMed
- J AOAC Int. 2000 May-Jun;83(3):627-34 - PubMed
- Biochemistry. 1993 Oct 12;32(40):10692-9 - PubMed
- Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom. 2005;19(16):2337-42 - PubMed
- Free Radic Biol Med. 2004 Jan 1;36(1):1-15 - PubMed
- Biochem J. 1966 Jul;100(1):138-45 - PubMed
- J Agric Food Chem. 2000 Aug;48(8):3130-40 - PubMed
- FASEB J. 1999 Jul;13(10):1145-55 - PubMed
- J Sci Food Agric. 2012 Aug 15;92(10):2116-21 - PubMed
- J Physiol. 1912 Jul 15;44(5-6):425-60 - PubMed
- J Chromatogr Sci. 2012 Mar;50(3):283-6 - PubMed
- Free Radic Biol Med. 2014 Jul;72:76-90 - PubMed
- Methods Enzymol. 1999;299:330-41 - PubMed
Publication Types