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Gray CL, Pence BW, Ostermann J, et al. Gender (in) differences in prevalence and incidence of traumatic experiences among orphaned and separated children living in five low- and middle-income countries. Glob Ment Health (Camb). 2015;2doi: 10.1017/gmh.2015.1.
Gray, C. L., Pence, B. W., Ostermann, J., Whetten, R. A., O'Donnell, K., Thielman, N. M., & Whetten, K. (2015). Gender (in) differences in prevalence and incidence of traumatic experiences among orphaned and separated children living in five low- and middle-income countries. Global mental health (Cambridge, England), 2. https://doi.org/10.1017/gmh.2015.1
Gray, C L, et al. "Gender (in) differences in prevalence and incidence of traumatic experiences among orphaned and separated children living in five low- and middle-income countries." Global mental health (Cambridge, England) vol. 2 (2015). doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/gmh.2015.1
Gray CL, Pence BW, Ostermann J, Whetten RA, O'Donnell K, Thielman NM, Whetten K. Gender (in) differences in prevalence and incidence of traumatic experiences among orphaned and separated children living in five low- and middle-income countries. Glob Ment Health (Camb). 2015 Jan;2. doi: 10.1017/gmh.2015.1. PMID: 26085939; PMCID: PMC4467827.
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Glob Ment Health (Camb). 2015 Jan;2. doi: 10.1017/gmh.2015.1.

Gender (in) differences in prevalence and incidence of traumatic experiences among orphaned and separated children living in five low- and middle-income countries.

Global mental health (Cambridge, England)

C L Gray, B W Pence, J Ostermann, R A Whetten, K O'Donnell, N M Thielman, K Whetten

Affiliations

  1. Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB #7435, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.
  2. Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB #7435, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA ; Center for Health Policy and Inequalities Research, Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Box 90519, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
  3. Center for Health Policy and Inequalities Research, Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Box 90519, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
  4. Center for Health Policy and Inequalities Research, Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Box 90519, Durham, North Carolina, USA ; Departments of Psychiatry and Pediatrics, DUMC #3364, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA ; Center for Child and Family Health, Duke University, 411 West Chapel Hill Street, Suite 908, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
  5. Center for Health Policy and Inequalities Research, Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Box 90519, Durham, North Carolina, USA ; Department of Medicine, DUMC #3152, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
  6. Center for Health Policy and Inequalities Research, Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Box 90519, Durham, North Carolina, USA ; Terry Sanford Institute of Public Policy, Duke University, Box 90239, Durham, North Carolina, USA.

PMID: 26085939 PMCID: PMC4467827 DOI: 10.1017/gmh.2015.1

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Approximately 153 million children worldwide are orphaned and vulnerable to potentially traumatic events (PTEs). Gender differences in PTEs in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) are not well-understood, although support services and prevention programs often primarily involve girls.

METHODS: The Positive Outcomes for Orphans study used a two-stage, cluster-randomized sampling design to identify 2837 orphaned and separated children (OSC) in five LMIC in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia. We examined self-reported prevalence and incidence of several PTE types, including physical and sexual abuse, among 2235 children who were ≥10 years at baseline or follow-up, with a focus on gender comparisons.

RESULTS: Lifetime prevalence by age 13 of any PTE other than loss of a parent was similar in both boys [91.7% (95% confidence interval (CI) (85.0-95.5)] and girls [90.3% CI (84.2-94.1)] in institutional-based care, and boys [92.0% (CI 89.0-94.2)] and girls [92.9% CI (89.8-95.1)] in family-based care; annual incidence was similarly comparable between institution dwelling boys [23.6% CI (19.1, -29.3)] and girls [23.6% CI (18.6, -30.0)], as well as between family-dwelling boys [30.7% CI (28.0, -33.6)] and girls [29.3% CI (26.8,-32.0)]. Physical and sexual abuse had the highest overall annual incidence of any trauma type for institution-based OSC [12.9% CI (9.6-17.4)] and family-based OSC [19.4% CI (14.5-26.1)], although estimates in each setting were no different between genders.

CONCLUSION: Prevalence and annual incidence of PTEs were high among OSC in general, but gender-specific estimates were comparable. Although support services and prevention programs are essential for female OSC, programs for male OSC are equally important.

Keywords: gender; incidence; low- and middle-income countries (LMIC); orphans; potentially traumatic events; prevalence

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