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Evol Appl. 2015 Jul;8(6):527-40. doi: 10.1111/eva.12232. Epub 2015 Mar 26.

Cancer: an emergent property of disturbed resource-rich environments? Ecology meets personalized medicine.

Evolutionary applications

Hugo Ducasse, Audrey Arnal, Marion Vittecoq, Simon P Daoust, Beata Ujvari, Camille Jacqueline, Tazzio Tissot, Paul Ewald, Robert A Gatenby, Kayla C King, François Bonhomme, Jacques Brodeur, François Renaud, Eric Solary, Benjamin Roche, Frédéric Thomas

Affiliations

  1. MIVEGEC, UMR IRD/CNRS/UM 5290 Montpellier Cedex 5, France ; CREEC, Université Montpellier 2 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
  2. MIVEGEC, UMR IRD/CNRS/UM 5290 Montpellier Cedex 5, France ; CREEC, Université Montpellier 2 Montpellier Cedex 5, France ; Centre de Recherche de la Tour du Valat Arles, France.
  3. Department of Biology, John Abbott College Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, Canada.
  4. Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University Waurn Ponds, Vic., Australia.
  5. Department of Biology and the Program on Disease Evolution, University of Louisville Louisville, KY, USA.
  6. Department of Radiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute Tampa, FL, USA.
  7. Department of Zoology, University of Oxford Oxford, UK.
  8. ISEM Institut des sciences de l'évolution, Université Montpellier 2, CNRS/IRD/UM2 UMR 5554 Montpellier Cedex, France.
  9. Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Université de Montréal Montréal, QC, Canada.
  10. INSERM U1009, Université Paris-Sud, Gustave Roussy Villejuif, France.
  11. MIVEGEC, UMR IRD/CNRS/UM 5290 Montpellier Cedex 5, France ; CREEC, Université Montpellier 2 Montpellier Cedex 5, France ; Unité mixte internationale de Modélisation Mathématique et Informatique des Systèmes Complexes (UMI IRD/UPMC UMMISCO) BondyCedex, France.

PMID: 26136819 PMCID: PMC4479509 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12232

Abstract

For an increasing number of biologists, cancer is viewed as a dynamic system governed by evolutionary and ecological principles. Throughout most of human history, cancer was an uncommon cause of death and it is generally accepted that common components of modern culture, including increased physiological stresses and caloric intake, favor cancer development. However, the precise mechanisms for this linkage are not well understood. Here, we examine the roles of ecological and physiological disturbances and resource availability on the emergence of cancer in multicellular organisms. We argue that proliferation of 'profiteering phenotypes' is often an emergent property of disturbed, resource-rich environments at all scales of biological organization. We review the evidence for this phenomenon, explore it within the context of malignancy, and discuss how this ecological framework may offer a theoretical background for novel strategies of cancer prevention. This work provides a compelling argument that the traditional separation between medicine and evolutionary ecology remains a fundamental limitation that needs to be overcome if complex processes, such as oncogenesis, are to be completely understood.

Keywords: biomedicine; cancer; disease biology; evolutionary medicine

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