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Eperon GE, Habisreutinger SN, Leijtens T, et al. The Importance of Moisture in Hybrid Lead Halide Perovskite Thin Film Fabrication. ACS Nano. 2015;9(9):9380-93doi: 10.1021/acsnano.5b03626.
Eperon, G. E., Habisreutinger, S. N., Leijtens, T., Bruijnaers, B. J., van Franeker, J. J., deQuilettes, D. W., Pathak, S., Sutton, R. J., Grancini, G., Ginger, D. S., Janssen, R. A., Petrozza, A., & Snaith, H. J. (2015). The Importance of Moisture in Hybrid Lead Halide Perovskite Thin Film Fabrication. ACS nano, 9(9), 9380-93. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.5b03626
Eperon, Giles E, et al. "The Importance of Moisture in Hybrid Lead Halide Perovskite Thin Film Fabrication." ACS nano vol. 9,9 (2015): 9380-93. doi: https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.5b03626
Eperon GE, Habisreutinger SN, Leijtens T, Bruijnaers BJ, van Franeker JJ, deQuilettes DW, Pathak S, Sutton RJ, Grancini G, Ginger DS, Janssen RA, Petrozza A, Snaith HJ. The Importance of Moisture in Hybrid Lead Halide Perovskite Thin Film Fabrication. ACS Nano. 2015 Sep 22;9(9):9380-93. doi: 10.1021/acsnano.5b03626. Epub 2015 Aug 06. PMID: 26247197.
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ACS Nano. 2015 Sep 22;9(9):9380-93. doi: 10.1021/acsnano.5b03626. Epub 2015 Aug 06.

The Importance of Moisture in Hybrid Lead Halide Perovskite Thin Film Fabrication.

ACS nano

Giles E Eperon, Severin N Habisreutinger, Tomas Leijtens, Bardo J Bruijnaers, Jacobus J van Franeker, Dane W deQuilettes, Sandeep Pathak, Rebecca J Sutton, Giulia Grancini, David S Ginger, Rene A J Janssen, Annamaria Petrozza, Henry J Snaith

Affiliations

  1. Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford , Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom.
  2. Center for Nano Science and Technology @Polimi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , via Giovanni Pascoli 70/3, 20133 Milan, Italy.
  3. Molecular Materials and Nanosystems and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology , P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
  4. Dutch Polymer Institute (DPI), P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
  5. Department of Chemistry, University of Washington , Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States.

PMID: 26247197 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b03626

Abstract

Moisture, in the form of ambient humidity, has a significant impact on methylammonium lead halide perovskite films. In particular, due to the hygroscopic nature of the methylammonium component, moisture plays a significant role during film formation. This issue has so far not been well understood and neither has the impact of moisture on the physical properties of resultant films. Herein, we carry out a comprehensive and well-controlled study of the effect of moisture exposure on methylammonium lead halide perovskite film formation and properties. We find that films formed in higher humidity atmospheres have a less continuous morphology but significantly improved photoluminescence, and that film formation is faster. In photovoltaic devices, we find that exposure to moisture, either in the precursor solution or in the atmosphere during formation, results in significantly improved open-circuit voltages and hence overall device performance. We then find that by post-treating dry films with moisture exposure, we can enhance photovoltaic performance and photoluminescence in a similar way. The enhanced photoluminescence and open-circuit voltage imply that the material quality is improved in films that have been exposed to moisture. We determine that this improvement stems from a reduction in trap density in the films, which we postulate to be due to the partial solvation of the methylammonium component and "self-healing" of the perovskite lattice. This work highlights the importance of controlled moisture exposure when fabricating high-performance perovskite devices and provides guidelines for the optimum environment for fabrication. Moreover, we note that often an unintentional water exposure is likely responsible for the high performance of solar cells produced in some laboratories, whereas careful synthesis and fabrication in a dry environment will lead to lower-performing devices.

Keywords: defects; fabrication; humidity; moisture; perovskite; photovoltaics; solar cell

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