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Meyer RE. Physiologic Measures of Animal Stress during Transitional States of Consciousness. Animals (Basel). 2015;5(3):702-16doi: 10.3390/ani5030380.
Meyer, R. E. (2015). Physiologic Measures of Animal Stress during Transitional States of Consciousness. Animals : an open access journal from MDPI, 5(3), 702-16. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani5030380
Meyer, Robert E. "Physiologic Measures of Animal Stress during Transitional States of Consciousness." Animals : an open access journal from MDPI vol. 5,3 (2015): 702-16. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/ani5030380
Meyer RE. Physiologic Measures of Animal Stress during Transitional States of Consciousness. Animals (Basel). 2015 Aug 07;5(3):702-16. doi: 10.3390/ani5030380. PMID: 26479382; PMCID: PMC4598702.
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Animals (Basel). 2015 Aug 07;5(3):702-16. doi: 10.3390/ani5030380.

Physiologic Measures of Animal Stress during Transitional States of Consciousness.

Animals : an open access journal from MDPI

Robert E Meyer

Affiliations

  1. College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA. [email protected].

PMID: 26479382 PMCID: PMC4598702 DOI: 10.3390/ani5030380

Abstract

Determination of the humaneness of methods used to produce unconsciousness in animals, whether for anesthesia, euthanasia, humane slaughter, or depopulation, relies on our ability to assess stress, pain, and consciousness within the contexts of method and application. Determining the subjective experience of animals during transitional states of consciousness, however, can be quite difficult; further, loss of consciousness with different agents or methods may occur at substantially different rates. Stress and distress may manifest behaviorally (e.g., overt escape behaviors, approach-avoidance preferences [aversion]) or physiologically (e.g., movement, vocalization, changes in electroencephalographic activity, heart rate, sympathetic nervous system [SNS] activity, hypothalamic-pituitary axis [HPA] activity), such that a one-size-fits-all approach cannot be easily applied to evaluate methods or determine specific species applications. The purpose of this review is to discuss methods of evaluating stress in animals using physiologic methods, with emphasis on the transition between the conscious and unconscious states.

Keywords: BOLD MRI; ECG; EEG; anesthesia; c-fos; consciousness; euthanasia; heart rate; stress markers

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