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Niermann HC, Ly V, Smeekens S, et al. Infant attachment predicts bodily freezing in adolescence: evidence from a prospective longitudinal study. Front Behav Neurosci. 2015;9:263doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00263.
Niermann, H. C., Ly, V., Smeekens, S., Figner, B., Riksen-Walraven, J. M., & Roelofs, K. (2015). Infant attachment predicts bodily freezing in adolescence: evidence from a prospective longitudinal study. Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience, 9263. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00263
Niermann, Hannah C M, et al. "Infant attachment predicts bodily freezing in adolescence: evidence from a prospective longitudinal study." Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience vol. 9 (2015): 263. doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00263
Niermann HC, Ly V, Smeekens S, Figner B, Riksen-Walraven JM, Roelofs K. Infant attachment predicts bodily freezing in adolescence: evidence from a prospective longitudinal study. Front Behav Neurosci. 2015 Oct 12;9:263. doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00263. eCollection 2015. PMID: 26557062; PMCID: PMC4617177.
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Front Behav Neurosci. 2015 Oct 12;9:263. doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00263. eCollection 2015.

Infant attachment predicts bodily freezing in adolescence: evidence from a prospective longitudinal study.

Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience

Hannah C M Niermann, Verena Ly, Sanny Smeekens, Bernd Figner, J Marianne Riksen-Walraven, Karin Roelofs

Affiliations

  1. Behavioural Science Institute (BSI), Radboud University Netherlands ; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Netherlands.
  2. Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Open University of the Netherlands Heerlen, Netherlands.
  3. Behavioural Science Institute (BSI), Radboud University Netherlands.

PMID: 26557062 PMCID: PMC4617177 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00263

Abstract

Early life-stress, particularly maternal deprivation, is associated with long-lasting deviations in animals' freezing responses. Given the relevance of freezing for stress-coping, translational research is needed to examine the relation between insecure infant-parent attachment and bodily freezing-like behavior in humans. Therefore, we investigated threat-related reductions in body sway (indicative of freezing-like behavior) in 14-year-old adolescents (N = 79), for whom attachment security was earlier assessed in infancy. As expected, insecure (vs. secure) attachment was associated with less body sway for angry vs. neutral faces. This effect remained when controlling for intermediate life events. These results suggest that the long-lasting effects of early negative caregiving experiences on the human stress and threat systems extend to the primary defensive reaction of freezing. Additionally, we replicated earlier work in adults, by observing a significant correlation (in adolescents assessed as securely attached) between subjective state anxiety and reduced body sway in response to angry vs. neutral faces. Together, this research opens venues to start exploring the role of freezing in the development of human psychopathology.

Keywords: adolescent; attachment; freezing; infant; longitudinal

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