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Eugene AR, Masiak J, Masiak M, et al. Isolating the Norepinephrine Pathway Comparing Lithium in Bipolar Patients to SSRIs in Depressive Patients. Brain (Bacau). 2014;5(1):5-15
Eugene, A. R., Masiak, J., Masiak, M., & Kapica, J. (2014). Isolating the Norepinephrine Pathway Comparing Lithium in Bipolar Patients to SSRIs in Depressive Patients. Brain : broad research in artificial intelligence and neuroscience, 5(1), 5-15.
Eugene, Andy R, et al. "Isolating the Norepinephrine Pathway Comparing Lithium in Bipolar Patients to SSRIs in Depressive Patients." Brain : broad research in artificial intelligence and neuroscience vol. 5,1 (2014): 5-15.
Eugene AR, Masiak J, Masiak M, Kapica J. Isolating the Norepinephrine Pathway Comparing Lithium in Bipolar Patients to SSRIs in Depressive Patients. Brain (Bacau). 2014 Dec;5(1):5-15. PMID: 26609422; PMCID: PMC4655881.
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Brain (Bacau). 2014 Dec;5(1):5-15.

Isolating the Norepinephrine Pathway Comparing Lithium in Bipolar Patients to SSRIs in Depressive Patients.

Brain : broad research in artificial intelligence and neuroscience

Andy R Eugene, Jolanta Masiak, Marek Masiak, Jacek Kapica

Affiliations

  1. Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Gonda 19, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA.
  2. Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Lublin, ul. Gluska 1 (SPSK Nr 1), Lublin 20-439, Poland.
  3. Department of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Systems, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 13 Akademicka Street, Lublin 20-950, Poland.

PMID: 26609422 PMCID: PMC4655881

Abstract

INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this investigatory neuroimaging analysis was done to better understand the pharmacodynamics of Lithium by isolating the norepinephrine pathway in the brain. To accomplish this, we compared patients with Bipolar Disorder treated with Lithium to patients diagnosed with Major Depression or Depressive Disorder who are treated with Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs).

METHODOLOGY: We used Standardized Low Resolution Brain Electrotomography to calculate the whole brain, voxel-by-voxel, unpaired t-tests Statistical non-Parametric Maps. For our first electrophysiological neuroimaging investigation, we compared 46 patients (average age = 34 ± 16.5) diagnosed with Bipolar Affective Disorder to three patient groups all diagnosed with Major Depression or Depressive Episode. The first is with 48 patients diagnosed with Major Depression or Depressive Episode (average age = 49 ± 12.9), the second to 16 male depressive patients (average age = 45 ± 15.1), and the final comparison to 32 depressive females (average age = 50 ± 11.7).

RESULTS: The results of sLORETA three-dimensional statistical non-parametric maps illustrated that Lithium influenced an increase in neurotransmission in the right Superior Temporal Gyrus (t=1.403, p=0.00780), Fusiform Gyrus (t=1.26), and Parahippocampal Gyrus (t=1.29). Moreover, an increased in neuronal function was found was also identified at the Cingulate Gyrus (t=1.06, p=0.01200).

CONCLUSION: We are proposing a translational clinical biological marker for patients diagnosed with Bipolar Disorder to guide physicians during the course of Lithium therapy and have identified neuroanatomical structures influenced by norepinephrine.

Keywords: Lithium pharmacodynamics; SSRI; biomarker; bipolar disorder; lithium; neuroimaging

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