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Siklos M, BenAissa M, Thatcher GR. Cysteine proteases as therapeutic targets: does selectivity matter? A systematic review of calpain and cathepsin inhibitors. Acta Pharm Sin B. 2015;5(6):506-19doi: 10.1016/j.apsb.2015.08.001.
Siklos, M., BenAissa, M., & Thatcher, G. R. (2015). Cysteine proteases as therapeutic targets: does selectivity matter? A systematic review of calpain and cathepsin inhibitors. Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. B, 5(6), 506-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsb.2015.08.001
Siklos, Marton, et al. "Cysteine proteases as therapeutic targets: does selectivity matter? A systematic review of calpain and cathepsin inhibitors." Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. B vol. 5,6 (2015): 506-19. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsb.2015.08.001
Siklos M, BenAissa M, Thatcher GR. Cysteine proteases as therapeutic targets: does selectivity matter? A systematic review of calpain and cathepsin inhibitors. Acta Pharm Sin B. 2015 Nov;5(6):506-19. doi: 10.1016/j.apsb.2015.08.001. Epub 2015 Sep 26. PMID: 26713267; PMCID: PMC4675809.
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Acta Pharm Sin B. 2015 Nov;5(6):506-19. doi: 10.1016/j.apsb.2015.08.001. Epub 2015 Sep 26.

Cysteine proteases as therapeutic targets: does selectivity matter? A systematic review of calpain and cathepsin inhibitors.

Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. B

Marton Siklos, Manel BenAissa, Gregory R J Thatcher

Affiliations

  1. Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, Chicago, IL 60612-7231, USA.

PMID: 26713267 PMCID: PMC4675809 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2015.08.001

Abstract

Cysteine proteases continue to provide validated targets for treatment of human diseases. In neurodegenerative disorders, multiple cysteine proteases provide targets for enzyme inhibitors, notably caspases, calpains, and cathepsins. The reactive, active-site cysteine provides specificity for many inhibitor designs over other families of proteases, such as aspartate and serine; however, a) inhibitor strategies often use covalent enzyme modification, and b) obtaining selectivity within families of cysteine proteases and their isozymes is problematic. This review provides a general update on strategies for cysteine protease inhibitor design and a focus on cathepsin B and calpain 1 as drug targets for neurodegenerative disorders; the latter focus providing an interesting query for the contemporary assumptions that irreversible, covalent protein modification and low selectivity are anathema to therapeutic safety and efficacy.

Keywords: AD, Alzheimer׳s disease; ALS, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; APP, amyloid precursor protein; APP/PS1, Aβ overexpressing mice APP (K670N/M671L) and PS1 (M146L) mutants; Ala, alanine; Alzheimer׳s disease; AppLon, London familial amyloid precursor protein mutation, APP (V717I); AppSwe, Swedish amyloid precursor protein mutation, APP (K670N/M671L); Arg, arginine; Aβ, amyloid β; Aβ1-42, amyloid β, 42 amino acid protein; BACE-1, β-amyloid cleaving enzyme; BBB, blood–brain barrier; CANP, calcium-activated neutral protease; CNS, central nervous system; CREB, cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element binding protein; CaMKII, Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases II; Calpain; Cathepsin; Cdk5/p35, activator of cyclin-dependent kinase 5; Cysteine protease; DTT, dithioerythritol; EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor; ERK1/2, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2; Enzyme inhibitors; GSH, glutathione; Gln, glutamine; Glu, glutamic acid; Gly, glutamine; Hsp70.1, heat shock protein 70.1; Ile, isoleucine; KO, knockout; Leu, leucine; Lys, lysine; MAP-2, microtubule-associated protein 2; MMP-9, matrix metalloproteinase 9; Met, methionine; NFT, neurofibrilliary tangles; Neurodegeneration; Nle, norleucine; PD, Parkinson׳s disease; PK, pharmacokinetic; PKC, protein kinase C; PTP1B, protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1B; Phe, phenylalanine; Pro, proline; SP, senile plaques; TBI, traumatic brain injury; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; Thr, threonine; Tyr, tyrosine; Val, valine; WRX, Trp-Arg containing epoxysuccinate cysteine protease inhibitor; WT, wildtype; isoAsp, isoaspartate; pGlu, pyroglutamate; pyroGluAβ, pyroglutamate-amyloid β

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