SAGE Open Med. 2013 Nov 23;1:2050312113513759. doi: 10.1177/2050312113513759. eCollection 2013.
Science and technology of the emerging nanomedicines in cancer therapy: A primer for physicians and pharmacists.
SAGE open medicine
Gopalakrishna Pillai, Maria L Ceballos-Coronel
Affiliations
Affiliations
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sullivan University College of Pharmacy, Louisville, KY, USA.
PMID: 26770691
PMCID: PMC4687778 DOI: 10.1177/2050312113513759
Abstract
Nanomedicine, the medical applications of devices based on nanotechnology, promises an endless range of applications from biomedical imaging to drug and gene delivery. The size range of the nanomaterials is strictly defined as 1-100 nm, although many marketed nanomedicines are in the submicron range of 100-1000 nm. The major advantages of using nanomaterials as a carrier for anticancer agents are the possibility of targeted delivery to the tumor; their physical properties such as optical and magnetic properties, which can be exploited for developing contrast agents for tumor imaging; their ability to hold thousands of molecules of a drug and deliver at the required site and also the ability to overcome solubility and stability issues. Currently, there are several nanotechnology-enabled diagnostic and therapeutic agents undergoing clinical trials and a few already approved by Food and Drug Administration. Targeted delivery of anticancer agents is achieved by exploiting a unique characteristic of the rapidly dividing tumor cells called "the enhanced permeability and retention effect." Nanoparticles with mean diameter between 100 and 200 nm or even above 200 nm have also been reported to be taken up by tumor cells via the enhanced permeability and retention effect. In addition to this passive targeting based on size, the nanoparticle surface may be modified with a variety of carefully chosen ligands that would interact with specific receptors on the surface of the tumor cells, thus imparting additional specificity for active targeting. Regional release of a drug contained in a nanoparticulate system by the application of external stimuli such as hyperthermia to a thermosensitive device is another innovative strategy for targeted delivery. Nanoparticles protect the enclosed drug from rapid elimination from the body, keep them in circulation for prolonged periods and often evade expulsion by the efflux pump mechanisms, which also leads to avoidance of development of resistance. This review focuses on the science and technology of Food and Drug Administration-approved cancer nanomedicines such as Abraxane, Doxil, DaunoXome and those drug-delivery systems that have reached an advanced stage of clinical development utilizing liposomes, albumin nanospheres, thermosensitive devices and gold nanoshells.
Keywords: Cancer nanomedicines; albumin-bound nanoparticles; approved products and in clinical development; gold nanoshells; liposomes; multidrug resistance; stimuli-sensitive release; targeted delivery
References
- J Liposome Res. 2002 Nov;12(4):301-9 - PubMed
- Sci Rep. 2013;3:1293 - PubMed
- J Urol. 2008 Feb;179(2):748-53 - PubMed
- Cancer Res. 1990 Feb 1;50(3):575-9 - PubMed
- Nanomedicine (Lond). 2010 Jun;5(4):597-615 - PubMed
- Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2007 Jul 10;59(6):491-504 - PubMed
- Nature. 2003 Jun 5;423(6940):593-5 - PubMed
- Drug Discov Today. 2012 Feb;17(3-4):160-6 - PubMed
- J Clin Oncol. 2001 Jul 15;19(14):3312-22 - PubMed
- Ann Oncol. 2004 Mar;15(3):440-9 - PubMed
- J Clin Oncol. 1993 Nov;11(11):2186-93 - PubMed
- Nanomedicine (Lond). 2012 Aug;7(8):1133-48 - PubMed
- J Natl Cancer Inst. 1992 Dec 16;84(24):1909-15 - PubMed
- Int J Nanomedicine. 2006;1(4):375-83 - PubMed
- Invest New Drugs. 2012 Feb;30(1):282-9 - PubMed
- Int J Cancer. 2000 Apr 15;86(2):174-81 - PubMed
- Ann Oncol. 2002 Aug;13(8):1173-84 - PubMed
- Cancer. 1977 Nov;40(5):2046-52 - PubMed
- Biomed Res Int. 2013;2013:782041 - PubMed
- J Clin Oncol. 1995 Apr;13(4):996-1003 - PubMed
- Acad Radiol. 2005 Oct;12(10):1232-40 - PubMed
- Methods Mol Biol. 2010;624:101-17 - PubMed
- Cancer Res. 2009 Feb 15;69(4):1659-67 - PubMed
- Blood. 2010 Aug 12;116(6):915-25 - PubMed
- Int J Nanomedicine. 2007;2(4):567-83 - PubMed
- Curr Drug Metab. 2009 Oct;10(8):836-41 - PubMed
- Science. 2005 Jan 7;307(5706):58-62 - PubMed
- Clin Cancer Res. 2000 Jul;6(7):2903-12 - PubMed
- Cancer Lett. 2004 Jun 25;209(2):171-6 - PubMed
- Cancer Res. 2011 Sep 1;71(17):5678-87 - PubMed
- J Control Release. 2005 Dec 5;109(1-3):120-6 - PubMed
- Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 1994;34(6):527-34 - PubMed
- Anticancer Drugs. 2003 Mar;14(3):239-46 - PubMed
- Int J Cancer. 2010 Mar 1;126(5):1235-45 - PubMed
- Nat Med. 2013 Feb;19(2):120 - PubMed
- Cancer Res. 2002 Sep 15;62(18):5381-5 - PubMed
- J Clin Oncol. 2005 Mar 20;23(9):1859-66 - PubMed
- Nanomedicine (Lond). 2007 Jun;2(3):351-74 - PubMed
- J Clin Oncol. 2000 Sep;18(17):3093-100 - PubMed
- Int J Nanomedicine. 2006;1(3):241-54 - PubMed
- Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2009 Jan;9(1):111-9 - PubMed
- N Engl J Med. 1971 Nov 18;285(21):1182-6 - PubMed
- Cancer. 2003 Jul 15;98(2):413-23 - PubMed
- Nat Nanotechnol. 2010 Dec;5(12):833-42 - PubMed
- J Natl Cancer Inst. 2000 Jan 19;92(2):143-7 - PubMed
- J Control Release. 2000 Mar 1;65(1-2):271-84 - PubMed
- Nature. 1997 Nov 27;390(6658):404-7 - PubMed
- Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2009 Aug;18(8):1197-218 - PubMed
- Ann Oncol. 2005;16 Suppl 2:ii203-8 - PubMed
- J Biol Chem. 2001 Jun 1;276(22):19166-71 - PubMed
- Prog Lipid Res. 2002 Sep;41(5):392-406 - PubMed
- Hum Gene Ther. 2005 Sep;16(9):1097-109 - PubMed
- Pharm Res. 1994 Dec;11(12):1800-8 - PubMed
- Adv Enzyme Regul. 1990;30:357-73 - PubMed
- Eur J Cancer. 2002 Jul;38(10):1413-9 - PubMed
- J Transl Med. 2012 Oct 04;10:206 - PubMed
- Ann Surg Oncol. 2012 May;19(5):1595-601 - PubMed
- Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2004 Dec;54(6):514-24 - PubMed
- Oncology (Williston Park). 2005 Apr;19(4 Suppl 3):7-16 - PubMed
- Biochem Pharmacol. 1999 Apr 1;57(7):727-41 - PubMed
- Open Nanomed J. 2011 Jan 1;3:38-64 - PubMed
- Immunity. 2006 Feb;24(2):129-31 - PubMed
- Pharm Res. 2002 Jul;19(7):1061-7 - PubMed
- Clin Pharmacokinet. 2006;45(12):1153-76 - PubMed
- Cancer Res. 1992 Jun 15;52(12):3255-61 - PubMed
- Nat Rev Cancer. 2002 Jan;2(1):38-47 - PubMed
- Phys Chem Chem Phys. 2009 Nov 14;11(42):9772-8 - PubMed
- J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2003 May-Aug;6(2):292-301 - PubMed
- J Drug Deliv. 2013;2013:456409 - PubMed
- Pharmacol Rev. 1990 Sep;42(3):155-99 - PubMed
- Arch Neurol. 1995 Sep;52(9):912-7 - PubMed
- Radiology. 2007 Dec;245(3):824-30 - PubMed
- Nanomedicine (Lond). 2012 Oct;7(10):1577-90 - PubMed
- Cancer Metastasis Rev. 2001;20(1-2):87-93 - PubMed
- FEBS Lett. 1990 Jan 1;259(2):293-6 - PubMed
- Int J Nanomedicine. 2006;1(3):297-315 - PubMed
- Expert Rev Vaccines. 2008 Oct;7(8):1141-50 - PubMed
- J Control Release. 2005 May 5;104(1):103-11 - PubMed
- J Natl Cancer Inst. 1995 Apr 5;87(7):506-16 - PubMed
- J Drug Deliv. 2012;2012:581363 - PubMed
- Circ Res. 2003 Apr 18;92 (7):801-8 - PubMed
- Clin Pharmacokinet. 2001;40(7):539-51 - PubMed
- J Clin Oncol. 2011 Dec 1;29(34):4548-54 - PubMed
- Nano Lett. 2005 Sep;5(9):1797-808 - PubMed
- Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2012 Feb;13(3):395-406 - PubMed
- Cancer Res. 2006 Nov 1;66(21):10365-76 - PubMed
- Mol Pharm. 2005 Sep-Oct;2(5):373-83 - PubMed
- Lancet Oncol. 2002 Aug;3(8):487-97 - PubMed
- Oncogene. 1997 May 22;14(20):2475-83 - PubMed
- Biochim Biophys Acta. 2005 Oct 15;1716(2):77-96 - PubMed
- Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2006 Jun;7(8):1041-53 - PubMed
- Angiogenesis. 1999;3(4):291-3 - PubMed
- Adv Exp Med Biol. 2003;519:29-49 - PubMed
- Cancer Res. 2000 Aug 15;60(16):4440-5 - PubMed
- Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2008 Feb;9(2):301-9 - PubMed
- Pediatr Nurs. 1995 Sep-Oct;21(5):471-4, 490 - PubMed
- Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2002 Jul;50(1):6-8 - PubMed
- Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 1995 Sep;16(2-3):215-233 - PubMed
- Pharm Res. 2004 Dec;21(12):2226-33 - PubMed
- Circ Res. 2000 Feb 4;86(2):E29-35 - PubMed
- Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998 Apr 14;95(8):4607-12 - PubMed
- Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998 Jan 20;95(2):548-53 - PubMed
- Clin Cancer Res. 2006 Feb 15;12(4):1317-24 - PubMed
- Breast Cancer Res. 2002;4(3):95-9 - PubMed
- Br J Cancer. 2006 Sep 4;95(5):571-80 - PubMed
- Int J Hyperthermia. 2010;26(5):485-98 - PubMed
- Vasc Health Risk Manag. 2006;2(3):213-9 - PubMed
- Mol Pharm. 2007 Sep-Oct;4(5):730-8 - PubMed
Publication Types