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Abdel-Ghaffar TY, Sira MM, El Naghi S. Hepatitis C genotype 4: The past, present, and future. World J Hepatol. 2015;7(28):2792-810doi: 10.4254/wjh.v7.i28.2792.
Abdel-Ghaffar, T. Y., Sira, M. M., & El Naghi, S. (2015). Hepatitis C genotype 4: The past, present, and future. World journal of hepatology, 7(28), 2792-810. https://doi.org/10.4254/wjh.v7.i28.2792
Abdel-Ghaffar, Tawhida Y, et al. "Hepatitis C genotype 4: The past, present, and future." World journal of hepatology vol. 7,28 (2015): 2792-810. doi: https://doi.org/10.4254/wjh.v7.i28.2792
Abdel-Ghaffar TY, Sira MM, El Naghi S. Hepatitis C genotype 4: The past, present, and future. World J Hepatol. 2015 Dec 08;7(28):2792-810. doi: 10.4254/wjh.v7.i28.2792. PMID: 26668691; PMCID: PMC4670951.
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World J Hepatol. 2015 Dec 08;7(28):2792-810. doi: 10.4254/wjh.v7.i28.2792.

Hepatitis C genotype 4: The past, present, and future.

World journal of hepatology

Tawhida Y Abdel-Ghaffar, Mostafa M Sira, Suzan El Naghi

Affiliations

  1. Tawhida Y Abdel-Ghaffar, Pediatric Department, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt.

PMID: 26668691 PMCID: PMC4670951 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v7.i28.2792

Abstract

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype (GT) 4 represents 12%-15% (15-18 million) of total global HCV infection. It is prevalent in Northern and Equatorial Africa and the Middle East, and is also present in some countries in Europe. GT-4 (and subtype 4a in particular) dominates the HCV epidemic in Egypt. In underdeveloped countries, risk factors associated with HCV infection may be due to unsafe medical practices or other factors such as familial transmission, mother's HCV status, or illiteracy. HCV prevention and control programs should include health education, increased community awareness towards the disease, controlling infection distribution in health-care centers, proper sterilization of medical and dental instruments, and ensuring safe supply of blood and blood-products. Response rates to a 48-wk combined pegylated-interferon (PEG-IFN) and ribavirin (RBV) treatment range from 40%-69%, and HCV-GT-4 has been considered better than GT-1 but worse than GT-2 and GT-3 in treatment with PEG-IFN/RBV. However, with the introduction of the HCV-GT-1 effective protease inhibitors boceprevir and telaprevir in 2011, HCV-GT-4 became the "most difficult (GT) to treat". Recently, the direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) with pan- genotypic activities simeprevir, sofosbuvir, and daclatasvir have been recommended in triple regimens with PEG-IFN/RBV for the treatment of HCV-GT-4. An IFN-free regimen will be available for treatment of all genotypes of HCV in the near future. To date, several DAAs have been developed and are currently being evaluated in various combinations in clinical trials. As new regimens and new agents are being approved by the Food and Drug Administration, we can expect the guidelines for HCV treatment to be changed. The availability of shorter, simpler, and more tolerable treatment regimens can reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with HCV infection. With such a large number of therapeutic agents available, we can end up with a range of choices that we can select from to treat patients.

Keywords: Direct acting antivirals; Genotypes; Hepatitis C virus; Hepatitis C virus vaccine; Pegylated-interferon; Ribavirin; Transmission

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