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Brunner D, Burke W, Kuang AQ, et al. Feedback system for divertor impurity seeding based on real-time measurements of surface heat flux in the Alcator C-Mod tokamak. Rev Sci Instrum. 2016;87(2):023504doi: 10.1063/1.4941047.
Brunner, D., Burke, W., Kuang, A. Q., LaBombard, B., Lipschultz, B., & Wolfe, S. (2016). Feedback system for divertor impurity seeding based on real-time measurements of surface heat flux in the Alcator C-Mod tokamak. The Review of scientific instruments, 87(2), 023504. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4941047
Brunner, D, et al. "Feedback system for divertor impurity seeding based on real-time measurements of surface heat flux in the Alcator C-Mod tokamak." The Review of scientific instruments vol. 87,2 (2016): 023504. doi: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4941047
Brunner D, Burke W, Kuang AQ, LaBombard B, Lipschultz B, Wolfe S. Feedback system for divertor impurity seeding based on real-time measurements of surface heat flux in the Alcator C-Mod tokamak. Rev Sci Instrum. 2016 Feb;87(2):023504. doi: 10.1063/1.4941047. PMID: 26931846.
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Rev Sci Instrum. 2016 Feb;87(2):023504. doi: 10.1063/1.4941047.

Feedback system for divertor impurity seeding based on real-time measurements of surface heat flux in the Alcator C-Mod tokamak.

The Review of scientific instruments

D Brunner, W Burke, A Q Kuang, B LaBombard, B Lipschultz, S Wolfe

Affiliations

  1. Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
  2. Department of Physics, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom.

PMID: 26931846 DOI: 10.1063/1.4941047

Abstract

Mitigation of the intense heat flux to the divertor is one of the outstanding problems in fusion energy. One technique that has shown promise is impurity seeding, i.e., the injection of low-Z gaseous impurities (typically N2 or Ne) to radiate and dissipate the power before it arrives to the divertor target plate. To this end, the Alcator C-Mod team has created a first-of-its-kind feedback system to control the injection of seed gas based on real-time surface heat flux measurements. Surface thermocouples provide real-time measurements of the surface temperature response to the plasma heat flux. The surface temperature measurements are inputted into an analog computer that "solves" the 1-D heat transport equation to deliver accurate, real-time signals of the surface heat flux. The surface heat flux signals are sent to the C-Mod digital plasma control system, which uses a proportional-integral-derivative (PID) algorithm to control the duty cycle demand to a pulse width modulated piezo valve, which in turn controls the injection of gas into the private flux region of the C-Mod divertor. This paper presents the design and implementation of this new feedback system as well as initial results using it to control divertor heat flux.

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