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Liu Z, Zhang Q, Liu X, et al. Absence of Exceptional Points in Square Waveguide Arrays with Apparently Balanced Gain and Loss. Sci Rep. 2016;6:22711doi: 10.1038/srep22711.
Liu, Z., Zhang, Q., Liu, X., Yao, Y., & Xiao, J. J. (2016). Absence of Exceptional Points in Square Waveguide Arrays with Apparently Balanced Gain and Loss. Scientific reports, 622711. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep22711
Liu, Zhenzhen, et al. "Absence of Exceptional Points in Square Waveguide Arrays with Apparently Balanced Gain and Loss." Scientific reports vol. 6 (2016): 22711. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/srep22711
Liu Z, Zhang Q, Liu X, Yao Y, Xiao JJ. Absence of Exceptional Points in Square Waveguide Arrays with Apparently Balanced Gain and Loss. Sci Rep. 2016 Mar 07;6:22711. doi: 10.1038/srep22711. PMID: 26948829; PMCID: PMC4780277.
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Sci Rep. 2016 Mar 07;6:22711. doi: 10.1038/srep22711.

Absence of Exceptional Points in Square Waveguide Arrays with Apparently Balanced Gain and Loss.

Scientific reports

Zhenzhen Liu, Qiang Zhang, Xiangli Liu, Y Yao, Jun-Jun Xiao

Affiliations

  1. College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Shenzhen Graduate School, Harbin Institute of Technology, Xili, Shenzhen 518055, China.
  2. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen Graduate School, Harbin Institute of Technology, Xili, Shenzhen 518055, China.

PMID: 26948829 PMCID: PMC4780277 DOI: 10.1038/srep22711

Abstract

The concept of parity-time (PT) symmetry in the field of optics has been intensively explored. This study shows the absence of exceptional points in a three-dimensional system composed of a square waveguide array with diagonally-balanced gain/loss distribution. More specifically, we show that an array of four coupled waveguides supports eight fundamental propagation supermodes, four of which are singlet, and the other two pairs are double degenerated. It is found that the singlet states follow the routine PT phase transition; however, the double-degenerated modes never coalesce as the gain/loss-to-coupling strength level varies, showing no actual PT symmetry-derived behavior. This is evident in the phase rigidity which does not approach zero. The absence of exceptional points is ascribed to the coupling of non-symmetric supermodes formed in the diagonal waveguide pairs. Our results suggest comprehensive interplay between the mode pattern symmetry, the lattice symmetry, and the PT-symmetry, which should be carefully considered in PT-phenomena design in waveguide arrays.

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