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Laws KR, Irvine K, Gale TM. Sex differences in cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's disease. World J Psychiatry. 2016;6(1):54-65doi: 10.5498/wjp.v6.i1.54.
Laws, K. R., Irvine, K., & Gale, T. M. (2016). Sex differences in cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's disease. World journal of psychiatry, 6(1), 54-65. https://doi.org/10.5498/wjp.v6.i1.54
Laws, Keith R, et al. "Sex differences in cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's disease." World journal of psychiatry vol. 6,1 (2016): 54-65. doi: https://doi.org/10.5498/wjp.v6.i1.54
Laws KR, Irvine K, Gale TM. Sex differences in cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's disease. World J Psychiatry. 2016 Mar 22;6(1):54-65. doi: 10.5498/wjp.v6.i1.54. eCollection 2016 Mar 22. PMID: 27014598; PMCID: PMC4804268.
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World J Psychiatry. 2016 Mar 22;6(1):54-65. doi: 10.5498/wjp.v6.i1.54. eCollection 2016 Mar 22.

Sex differences in cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's disease.

World journal of psychiatry

Keith R Laws, Karen Irvine, Tim M Gale

Affiliations

  1. Keith R Laws, Karen Irvine, Tim M Gale, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL10 9AB, United Kingdom.

PMID: 27014598 PMCID: PMC4804268 DOI: 10.5498/wjp.v6.i1.54

Abstract

Sex differences in neurocognitive abilities have been extensively explored both in the healthy population and in many disorders. Until recently, however, little work has examined such differences in people with Alzheimer's disease (AD). This is despite clear evidence that AD is more prevalent in women, and converging lines of evidence from brain imaging, post-mortem analyses, hormone therapy and genetics suggesting that AD affects men and women differently. We provide an overview of evidence attesting to the poorer cognitive profiles in women than in men at the same stage of AD. Indeed, men significantly outperform women in several cognitive domains, including: Language and semantic abilities, visuospatial abilities and episodic memory. These differences do not appear to be attributable to any differences in age, education, or dementia severity. Reasons posited for this female disadvantage include a reduction of estrogen in postmenopausal women, greater cognitive reserve in men, and the influence of the apolipoprotein E ε4 allele. Assessment of cognitive abilities contributes to the diagnosis of the condition and thus, it is crucial to identify the role of sex differences if potentially more accurate diagnoses and treatments are to emerge.

Keywords: Cognition; Dementia; Gender; Sex differences

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